Research On Interest Group And The Change Of Ban On Maritime Trade In Ming Dynasty(1508-1567)

In the Ming dynasty,the change of the maritime trade was a change of the foreign trade system implemented by the central government in 1567.The main objective is to break the existing system of trade monopoly and allow domestic private traders to engage in overseas trade.After the 16 th century,Portugal,Spain and other European merchants eastward,foreign goods and capital flow from the southeast coastal cities gradually to the mainland area,China's traditional trade system suffered a huge impact.After the mid-ming dynasty,the Ming dynasty's finances deteriorated sharply,the fiscal deficit happens frequently,domestic private maritime interests gradually developed,coastal local governments have tried to profit from the overseas trade,for the local government and military expenses,guangdong local order policy changes in local government(Draw tax policy)acquiescence by the central government.In the late Ming dynasty,the balance of overseas trade was completely tilted towards the commercial trade,and the change of the police was changed from the local identity to the local consensus,and the foreign group was involved in the pursuit of wealth.Although a few countries continue to maintain tributary relations with the Ming dynasty,they also pursue economic trade.In order to balance the financial chaos,abandon the policy has become the choice of the central government to realize the overseas free trade.Each of the longest changes will affect the fundamental interests of different groups of society,and these interests will also become the main body of power to influence the process of changeIn the field of overseas trade in the Ming dynasty,there were three powerful interest groups,namely,official business,foreign business and domestic private maritime business,the official business interests group represents the traditional trade power,it plays a basic role in the overseas trading system of Ming dynasty.Foreign interest groups represent foreign capital,it is a foreign power in overseas trade,it played an important role in the overseas trading system of Ming dynasty.The domestic private maritime business interests group represents the emerging power of modern China's overseas trade,rising rapidly in the field of overseas trade,it is a force that cannot be ignored in overseas trade.The change of the policy has violated the fundamental interests of the official business interests,andthey are the vested interests in the tributary trading system,which is the resistance and opposition to the change of ban on maritime trade.The foreign business and domestic private maritime business interest groups that break through the traditional overseas trading system have become the driving force and promoter of the change of the policy.The official business,foreign business and domestic private maritime business interest groups force in the shift,In order to maximize their own interests,the game and struggle have been started around the change of the policy,the change of the policy changes at different stages has been affected.In 1508,the local government of guangdong officially initiated the change of tax policy,and soon after,because of the strong opposition of the official business interests group,it was blocked.From 1522 to1566,the domestic and foreign trade system was impacted by the great changes of domestic and foreign political situation,the balance of power of the three major trade interests has changed profoundly,the rise of domestic private maritime interest groups,which support the abandonment of the policy,has led to rapid changes and eventual success.The rise of domestic private maritime interest groups,which support the abandonment of the haijin policy,it laid the foundation for China to realize free trade in the sea,it has had a profound impact on China's trade,financial and market development,and has taken a solid step towards integrating China into the world trade system.The realization of the policy changes greatly reduces the transaction cost in overseas trade and promotes the development of commodity economy,it undermines the official business interest groups monopoly on the China import and export business,has provided the safeguard for the development of China's modern economy.Through the study of the relationship between the interest groups and the policy changes,it can be concluded that the narrowness of interest groups influences the process of the change of policy,domestic private maritime interests group and local governments in Ming dynasty in order to play a major role in the policy change,it can be said that the traditional tribute trade system of Ming dynasty decline and the rise of modern trade power is the necessary guarantee of the success of the order to the policy changes.