New Discussion On The Social Structure Of Traditional Agriculture China

In the preface to the 1859 Criticism of Political Economy,Marx pointed out that "people have certain,inevitable,and not their will to transfer in the social production of their own lives,that is,the certain stage of development of their material productive forces.Suitable production relations.The sum of these production relations constitutes the economic structure of the society,that is,the legal and political superstructure is erected on it and has a certain social consciousness form to adapt to it.The production mode of material production is constrained.The process of social life,political life and spiritual life."The reason why Marx's passage is placed in the first paragraph of the abstract is because this passage is the soul of this study.At present,China's social transformation and deepening of reform cannot leave history and isolate tradition.Understanding traditional society can clarify the direction of future development.Compared with class analysis,traditional-modern theoretical paradigm,state-social dichotomy,and new institutional economics,Marxist historical materialism can provide a more scientific perspective to understand the social structure of traditional China and the laws governing the development of Chinese history.According to historical materialism,this study is mainly divided into five parts:The first part describes the productivity of traditional agricultural China.In the early stage of civilized society,the geographical environment was regarded as the �initial condition�,and its characteristics had a profound impact on the production relations,political system and social culture through the development of productivity.The change in climate has led to the end of the �primitive abundance of life� and the necessity of domesticating edible species and inventing agriculture.As a labor object,the soil environment of loess,the climatic characteristics of winter dryness and summer wetness,and theplant characteristics of millet and sorghum have produced a production mode of dry farming.Limited by natural factors and human factors,there is no fundamental innovation in agricultural production tools,and the driving force of production tools has long been dominated by natural forces.The second part discusses the core concepts of production relations and the characteristics of production relations of different social types.Distribution is a production relationship based on authority,which is the central link in the traditional agricultural Chinese social production process.Exchange is a production relationship that follows the law of value,which is the central link in the production process of capitalist society.The characteristics of modern social production relations are equal emphasis on distribution and exchange.The collective based on exchange and division of labor is the �free association of free people� in production.The collective based on the distribution relationship is the mandatory community of self-sufficient individuals under the influence of external factors.The two types of collectives are fundamentally different.The traditional Chinese collective belongs to the latter type.The third part clarifies the constraints of the exchange relationship in traditional agricultural China.Influenced by transportation costs,exchange relations have different development conditions in China and the West.Due to the existence of excellent rivers and oceans,the exchange relationship of Western society has a natural advantage.Traffic conditions such as roads,rivers,and canals depend on the capabilities of the central government.Social division of labor and exchange are based on economic needs in the West and political needs in traditional agricultural China.Both in terms of origin and later development,businessmen and businesses are subject to political domination.The fourth part elaborates the formation of collective society.The external expansion and defense of agricultural production methods requires strong military strength and internal unity as a guarantee.Theintroversion of farming production methods has produced internal violence and centrifugal tendency.Because of the public ownership,scarcity of resources,centralized management,and the commonality of obedience,the best way to combine farming production methods with military organizations is the collective system of unity of soldiers and peasants.The largest collective unit is the world(country),the smallest collective unit is the individual family,and other types of collective units such as family,clan,bureaucracy,etc.,constitute a hierarchical collective society containing many collective units.On the basis of the previous discussion,the fifth part re-examines the relationship between home and country.The economic basis of the private ownership and exchange of production materials,the heterogeneity of the Western home country is essentially the political relationship of the private family's blood relatives different from the public power.In traditional agriculture China,based on the public ownership and distribution of production materials,the home state is a combination of ethics and parental authority.As the farming economy is replaced by the market economy,a new type of family-state relationship that meets the requirements of the socialist market economy should be constructed.The conclusion is to summarize the full text,which mainly includes three aspects: First,traditional agriculture China is a collective society based on farming production methods;second,the traditional Chinese collective society production relationship is based on distribution;Traditional Chinese agriculture has a multi-layered social background.