| While making great progress in the urbanization of megacities,it has also produced more serious urban diseases,especially traffic diseases.Government and research scholars in developed foreign megacities attribute one of the important causes of urban diseases to the job-housing spatial separation,and proposed to ease the job-housing separation by building new cities which job-housing balance is realized.However,job-housing balance policy has not fully played its expected role.Subsequently,developed megacities propose to promote urban development along the rail transit,which shows an important law,which is a stable average commuting time with increased commuting distance.In recent years,megacities in China also have tried to improve rail transit system,however,resident commuting time is still increasing and traffic congestion is still serious,which are closely related to the mismatched supply and demand of the rail transit system.Constructing an effective rail transit system and alleviating the job-housing time-spatial contradiction of the residents in megacities has become an important topic for the China's megacities.The economic question in this paper are:What supply and demand characteristics does the mega-cities rail transit system have?What are the influencing factors for building an effective transit commuter rail system?What are the mechanisms and paths of effective transit commuting rail systems to promote job-housing balance in megacities?By analyzing relevant literature,the paper found that most of the current literature about the relationship between rail transit and megacities 'job-housing balance are based on the job-housing spatial balance theory and regard rail transit as a whole,however,there are few studies about supply-demand characteristics of transit commuting rail system and job-housing balance at the time level.Based on the above research space and economic theory including transportation economics theory,urban spatial development theory and location theory,the paper deeply study the influence factors of effective rail transit commuting system,and the mechanism and path of rail transit promoting the job-housing balance in mega-cities,making an important conclusion,which is physical continuity,organizational continuity and institutional continuity of rail transit commuting system are the internal mechanisms to promote the job-housing balance,and influence the time saving/location value creation through time-space conversion capability/space coupling ability,thus affecting population and industry spatial distribution along the rail transit through circulation effect and field effect.The main conclusions of the paper are summarized as follows:First,job-housing time-spatial balance refers to that most residents can arrive at the employment location within the commuter time budget constraint through the time-space conversion ability of city's main transportation mode.Job-housing time-spatial balance of mega-cities means that most residence can arrive at the employment location within the maximum acceptable commuting time by constructing a multi-level rail transit commuting system with horizontal rail transit direct access center and functionally coupled rail station.Second,the technical and economic characteristics of the rail transit system can adapt to the inherent requirements of time-spatial balance of megacities 'residents.The spatial and economical characteristics of rail transit,such as spatial independence,time reliability,time and space scale economies,and time-space externalizations,have alleviated the contradiction between the long commuter distance and time constraints and high time value of megacities residences,which adapts to the inherent requirements of the commuter time budget for megacities.The demand of job-housing time-spatial balance of residences in megacities is the time-spatial accessibility characteristics of rail transit complete transportation products.Third,the internal mechanism of the rail transit commuting system affecting the time-spatial balance of mega-cities is that the physical continuity,organization continuity,institution continuity of the rail transit satisfies the time-space accessibility demand through the space-time conversion capability and space coupling ability.The specific mechanism is that "continuous rail transit commuting system-time-space conversion capability/spatial coupling capability improvement-circulation effect/field effect-mega-city residents' time/space/derivative accessibility improvement-commute time savings/location value creation-population flow along the rail/industry upgrade-the improvement of job-housing time-spatial balance in megacities".The multi-level rail transit network and the direct through between different rail transit or direct access to the center in the physical continuity can satisfies the time accessibility through the space-time conversion capability and the circulation effect.Integrated development between rail transit and land and the vertical high-density development around the station can meet the space accessibility and derived accessibility demand of residents'job-housing balance through the space coupling ability and the field effect.The realization of physical continuity needs to be guaranteed by organizational continuity and institutional continuity.Fourth,the result of supply and demand matching is the optimization of megacities form.The rail transit system that meets the needs of the residents' job-housing balance can guide the population and industry to decentralize and agglomerate along the rail transit axis,and optimize the time-spatial form of megacities.The space-time conversion capability and spatial coupling ability of rail transit satisfy the demand for space-time accessibility of mega-city residents,making rail transit a strong dispersal force of the central area and strong concentration force in the suburbs,which guides the redistribution of population and industries in metropolitan areas,and promotes the optimization of metropolitan areas through axis dispersion,station agglomeration and station circle-layered dispersion.Fifth,the demand side econometric analysis shows that residents' commuting characteristics have a significant impact on the residents 'job-housing balance in megacities.The smaller the actual commuting time,the fewer the number of transfer times,the more rail transit stations within 15 minutes' walk from residence and employment location,the more likely residents are to achieve job-housing balance.The supply-side econometric analysis shows that the more the number of effective rail transit stations whose operation time is controlled within 70 minutes and rail transit serving the suburban can direct into the city center,the suburbs are more attractive to the population and employment.Sixth,the case study verifies the impact of physics,organization,and institutions on the temporal and spatial balance of megacity.Tokyo and Hong Kong have gradually formed rail transit system including physical continuity,organization continuity,and institution continuity in the process of urbanization,saving residents' commuting time and realizing job-housing balance of most residents.It has also realized the decentralized and centralized development of the population and industry along the rail transit line.Shenzhen has also introduced various policies and regulations to support the construction of continuous rail transit commuting system.The construction of a multi-level rail transit commuter system which has realized fusion development,a rail transit station that is highly integrated with the surrounding land,effective cooperation between rail transit enterprises and other relative companies,and a comprehensive policy about rail transit sustainable development are the key to promoting the job-housing balance of residences in China's megacities.The research contribution of this paper is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:(1)based on the residents' commuting time budget and space-time conversion theory,the concept of job-housing time-spatial balance is proposed.(2)deeply study how to fully play the function of physical,organizational and institutional elements of the rail transit system and then build a continuous rail transit commuting system to promote the job-housing time-spatial balance of mega-cities.(3)the mechanism"continuous rail transit commuting system-time-space conversion capability/spatial coupling capability improvement-circulation effect/field effect play-mega city residents time/space/derivative accessibility improvement-commute time savings/location value creation-population flow along the rail/industry upgrade-the improvement of job-housing time-spatial balance in megacities" is constructed. |
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