Three-dimensional Urbanization And Income Gap Of Urban And Rural Residents:Theoretical And Empirical Research

In the development of economy and society,urbanization is an inevitable trend and it is also a most remarkable process for contemporary economy.In China,urbanization is in a process of rising,but with the rapid development of urbanization the income gap between urban and rural residents is prominent more and more.The Gini coefficient,which represents income gap of resident,has been on the line of inequality.If it keeps on going,it would hold back the development of urbanization.So it is necessary to control the income gap between urban and rural residents in order to coordinate the relation of urbanization and economic development.Throughout the process of urbanization in the world,the scale of urbanization in China is unprecedented and has obvious human resources characteristics.Compared with other developed countries,the process of urbanization in China is relatively slow,and follows significant spatial difference on income gap between urban and rural.On the basis of Chinese human structure and industrial characteristic,China chose its unique urbanization way.In the process of urbanization in China,there are three elements including population,land and capital are the most important input factors and driving forces.The urbanization of population is the leading factor,along with it,the demand of urban public infrastructure,education,medical treatment,transportation,housing and welfare is expanding,which will inevitably produce urbanization of land and urbanization of capital which have distinctive government-leading characteristics.It made urbanization of population,urbanization of land and urbanization of capital has different impacts on income gap between urban and rural residents.In order to analyze the driving force for urbanization in China,the evolution law of urbanization and the relation of urbanization and income gap between urban and rural residents in China,take urbanization of population,land and capital as the object,base on the statistical data which includes Chinese provincial,municipal and county three different scales,analyzing the development status,spatial differentiation and evolution law of three-dimensional urbanization and income gap between urban-rural residents in China.And from the theoretical and empirical analysis,research the impact of urbanization to income gap between urban and rural residents.So it can get the evolvement law and dynamic mechanism of urbanization and income gap between urban-rural residents.The main research contents and research conclusions are as follows.First,Development of three-dimensional urbanization and income gap between urban-rural in China.Before 1990,the rate of urbanization,the rate of employment and the rate of GDP growth basically kept same pace with each other.But after 1990,the economy became has little driving force on industry and Services,then the rate of urbanization has slowed considerably,which is far below the normal urbanization level proposed by Chenery.And the process of urbanization has not been pushed forward according to Northam's evolution law.And there is a big gap between regional urbanization.There are also serious regional imbalance among the urbanization of population,land and capital.The urbanization of population mainly occurs in large and medium-sized cities.But all regions have fast development on land urbanization and capital urbanization,especially in large and medium-sized cities and their surrounding areas.For the income gap between urban and rural residents,it is largest in the middle-developed regions,while the underdeveloped regions have the lowest income gap,and developed regions in the middle.Through analyzing the number of employment and employment elasticity found it is decreasing along with the development of urbanization.Second,Analysis on evolution path of three-dimensional urbanization and income gap between urban and rural residents.With coupling coordination model,standard deviation ellipse and other spatial analysis methods,using the statistics from provincial,municipal and county three level,on the basis of the spatial differentiation and evolution process of coordination among three-dimensional urbanization to research the evolutionary path of urbanization and income gap between urban and rural residents in China.From the evolution of three-dimensional urbanization,urbanization of population presents the pattern of "Northeast-southwest" development.Urbanization of land and Urbanization of capital moves to the north gradually.The coordination of three-Dimensional urbanization presents the feature of high in east and west,but low in middle and northeast.The coordination between urbanization of population and urbanization of land is obviously higher than that of population-capital and land-capital.Accompanied by the process of urbanization,the higher income gap between urban and rural residents is mainly distributed in southwest and the Midwest region.The lower income gap between urban and rural residents is mainly distributed in the northeast and southeast coastal region.As a whole,it shows the pattern of increasing from east to west.Third,Analysis on impacts mechanism of three-Dimensional urbanization and income gap between urban and rural residents.With the theoretical model of two sectors and three sectors which includes population,land and capital explains these three factors affect income gap between urban and rural in different ways.Urbanization of population affects income gap through income of residents,structure of population and urban-rural structure,and it can reduce income gap.Urbanization of Land affects income gap through land price,but it expands income gap.Under the urban-rural dual structure,the household registration system can reduce the income gap,but with the urbanization process,the household registration system will widen the income gap.Only when population,land and capital these three kinds of factors form a balanced and reasonable allocation,income gap between urban and rural in urbanization can get stable situation,and makes urbanization more harmonious,and the rural economy can get the rapid and steady development.Fourth,Analysis on the spatial effect of the three-Dimensional urbanization on the income gap between urban and rural residents in China.With space Doberman Panel model to study the local effects and spatial spillover effects of the three-Dimensional urbanization to income gap between urban and rural residents.The results show urbanization of population mainly plays a role of reducing the income gap between urban and rural residents.It not only can reduce local income gap between urban and rural,also can reduce the income gap between urban and rural of surrounding areas.The spatial impact of urbanization of population is mainly influenced by economic development and the restriction of geographical distance on laborer's migration has gradually weakened.That means the region which has higher economic development has more attractive to rural population.Urbanization of land expands the income gap between urban and rural residents and the spatial effect of urbanization of land is mainly influenced by geographical distance.Urbanization of capital shows no obvious influence on income gap between urban and rural residents and it has no significant spatial effect.However,the scarcity of capital in rural is the main factor which restricting the increasing of income of rural residents.