Research On Land System For Urbanization Integration

Urbanization will be engraved in history,from the perspective of a macro-history,as the imprint of more than one hundred years since the 20 th century.Such a wide range migration is definitely unprecedented and will certainly not happen again.The consequence is thus the huge transition from agriculture-based rural society to industrialized and information-oriented urban society.Existing experience has failed to take the fact into account that so many people are pouring into the urban area.Slums were still widespread in large cities with concentrated populations in the early industrialized developed countries,in despite of their better land resource endowment and ways to alleviate population pressure,such as overseas expansion and colonial immigration.After the Second World War,the post-development countries established by the national movement reduced the economic cycle and boomed their economies by copying the advanced technology and system of early-developed countries,and this rapid development,however,caused a faster population inflow to urban area.The far less land resources endowment compared to their predecessor countries made it even worse for these post-development countries,larger slums emerge in the big cities,leading to the “backfire” of this rapid development-––economy hindered by overwhelming urbanization,which excluded most of these countries out of highincome economies.This paper shows that integrable urbanization,which solves slum issues,is indispensable for the middle-income to high-income transition.This paper analyzes a 30-year data of 103 economies and proves my opinion by showing the reverse U relation between slums and economy growth.Thus,my research is focused on how to make these new inflow population the power source for later economic blossom and how to get through middle income stage.In this paper,we are working on the following:Firstly,we focus our research on land development right,as well as its planning,use and development intensity regulation.We thoroughly presented the practice of land development rights in the United States,Britain,Japan and Taiwan to lay a factual basis for further research on issues related to land development rights and to truly restore the “freedom of construction” in these countries.At the same time,we did an empirical research on the practical application of land development rights in China—the allocation mechanism of construction land index,using the provincial panel data from 1999-2014 in China.We found that land development rights are more allocated to industries those tend to generate more GDP and to those bring huge land fiscal revenue and from which the urban foundation benefits,however,for a long time,the center of urbanization—people,are ignored.Secondly,we depict the historical process of the gradual separation of land ownership and land development rights,expound the theoretical basis of this separation,demonstrate the endogeneity of this separation from the perspective of institutional change,and argue that only a certain amount of land development rights are attached to land ownership under “the status quo principle” because of multiple crossexternalities,the residual land development rights do not really belong to the owner in urban area.Thirdly,we re-examine the supply of local public goods from the perspective of capitalization and the dilemma of public goods supply.Our study shows that,in a closed area,land development rights and public goods supply costs internally consistent.If new public goods are to be built or current ones to be updated,residents in the area should use the land development rights as a weight to share the costs and benefits.Rent,house prices and taxes are just price signals for public goods in different dimensions.In addition,we point out that an agent is needed to supply local public goods,and the advantages and disadvantages for different public agents such as enterprises,governments,and local commune.Last,we elaborate that in the spontaneous state,urbanization is inevitably associated with slums,and its relationship with economic growth should be an inverted U-shaped curve.Our empirical evidence points out that to become high-income country necessitates integration of slums into urbanization.In the process of urbanization,the crux of integration into urbanization is the total separation between the driving factors of labor migration and the public goods supply mechanism.There is always a time lag between development rights delegated and of public goods supplied to migrants,first labor migration,then public goods supply,last high fixed costs paid.Meanwhile,the price of house,the carrier of development rights,gradually deviates from the supply cost of public goods as the agglomeration of population,which further increase the cost of integration.We also point out that the level of such impact will be affected by the population of the migrants and the inflow rate.For these reasons,we designed a targeted institutional mechanism for two aspects — the overall land development model under financial balance and the real estate development model of the separation of the house and land for residents.