The Impact Of Rural Couples’ Joint Migration On Land Circula Tion In The Process Of Urbanization In China

The migration of rural labor and urbanization of country or a region are interrelated, but also with a country’s stage of economic development and social transformation progress are closely linked. The study of rural labor migration issues should be put into the process of urbanization, in order to grasp clearly the main mode of labor migration, direction, characteristics and laws more accurately and clearly. In the long run, to realize long-term rural migrant workers even those moved to town permanently, it must go through the migration of core family members(such as husband and wife), then to the whole family, the joint migration of farmer couple has become the most patterns of the core labor migrations. However, whether the decision and behavior of the joint migration of farmer couple are bound to the rural land, and whether this constraint will affect the decision and behavior of the joint migration of farmer couple? How much is the degree of impact? If not, what is the reason of land circulation behavior? This is a topic worthy of further research, but there has not been a unanimous conclusion in the existing research. For these reasons, the research whether the joint migration of farmer couple have impact on the land circulation is more prominence in the process of urbanization. how it can be internal logic system, the influence mechanism and extent sorted out, can not only lay a good foundation, expand and correction for the application of theory of labor migration in our country, but also will be one of the important topics needs to discussed deeply in the field of rural population migration urbanization.This study carry on a more comprehensive empirical analysis of the peasant couple joint migration and the land circulation in the process of urbanization from the farmers’ micro-level, through the survey data of 49 village 845 farmers in Hubei, Henan 10 cities(counties, districts), based on a new theory of economic migration(NELM).This paper set up a theoretical analysis framework for the logical deduction and empirical analysis of the decisions and actions of the farmer couple joint migration and land circulation, through the mechanism, incentive and constraint of the peasant couple joint migration and the land circulation, and the analysis of the decision-making model. Secondly, differently from previous studies this paper analyzes the endowment dependence and ability levels with measurable variables from multiple dimensions, in order to embody the factors of the specific impact of the path of endowment dependence and ability levels constraints, while explore the specific impact of the behavior of the peasant couple joint migration with the relation and interaction mechanism among family and personal endowment dependence, ability level and migration of the peasant couple joint migration as the breakthrough point. Besides, this paper is not a simple analysis of considering farmers’ land rental market participation behavior and labor market participation behavior as exogenous variable which easily lead to endogeneity bias issue of the estimation results, but a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the impact of the entire assembly type of decisions of the farmer couple joint migration on land circulation, and solve the possible endogenous problem caused by the farmer couple joint migration between the desire of land circulation and behavior, using instrumental variable(IV) and two-stage least squares method(2 SLS) and IVProbit method.Based on the above analysis, the full text is divided into nine chapters. Among them, the first chapter is introduction; Chapter 2 is the theory basis and literature review; Chapter 3 is the macroscopic background of joint migration of farmer couple and the land circulation in the process of urbanization; Chapter 4 is the theory analysis of the impact of the joint migration of farmer couple on land circulation as well as data sources and sample characteristics description; Chapter 5 is the logical deduction and empirical analysis of decision and behavior of the joint migration of farmer couple. Chapter 6 is an analysis of the influence of endowment dependence, ability level on the joint migration of farmer couple. Chapter 7 is an analysis of the influence of farmers’ joint migration decision on land circulation. Chapter 8 is the analysis of the influence of couples’ decision on land circulation and the scale. Chapter 9 is the main conclusion and the corresponding policies. the main conclusions of this research are as follows:(1) Decision and behavior of joint migration of farmer couple:Personal characteristics of farmer couples such as age, education degree, health and other factors of human capital have a crucial and positive effect on joint migration and single migration of farmer couple. At the same time, from the view of the influence of marginal effect, the health of husband has the maximum effect. Family characteristics of farmer couple such as annual pure monetary income, household labor scale, the scale of school-age children have a positive and promoting effect on joint migration of farmer couple; And whether there is a village cadres in family members only has a positive impact on the single migration of farmer couple. At the same time, from the study we find the evidence of “relative deprivation” put forward by the theory of new migration economic in the joint migration decision of farmer couple. Whether the farmer couple attend technical training has a significant positive effect on the joint migration of farmer couple in the urban employment environment, It also fully verifies the social network play a important and promoting role in the joint migration of farmer couple in our country. At the same time, the new rural cooperative medical insurance in the long-term security function will be partly responsible for the loss of the security function of labor migration, which has a Lock-in effect and an adverse negative impact on joint migration or single migration of farmer couple. At last, form the environment perception characteristics, poorer quality farmland lead to a higher tendency of migration of farmer couple, while from the regional differences characteristics, it finds that the joint migration of farmer couple is more inclined to a distant areas.(2) Dependence on endowments, capabilities and joint migrations of farmer couple:dependence on endowments and capabilities both have a significant effect on the joint migration and single migration of farmer couple. The joint migration and single migration of farmer couple depend on human capital endowment, social capital endowment and natural capital endowments, while economic capital endowments do not have a significant impact on the migration behavior of farmer couple. There is a mismatch among their ability level, employment structure and expected joint migrations of farmer couple, and the primary task of the joint migration and single migration of farmer couple is to achieve the increase of expected level of income.(3) The effect of joint migration decision of farmer couple on the desire of land circulation:first, as a whole, the desire of land circulation of joint migration is the highest, and up to 59.108%, furthermore, joint migration and wife migrate while husband at home both have a positive effect significantly on the desire of land circulation, at the same time, the desire of land circulation will increase 7.54% and 7.30%.However, husband migrate while wife at home and both at home have a negative effect significantly on the desire of land circulation, and the desire of land circulation will reduce 2.27% and 1.68% respectively.Second, in order to overcome the potential endogeneity problem in the model, this paper revises the estimation bias of the control variable in Logistic regression estimation, using the number of the village labor force migration as the instrumental variable.Third, there is two general conclusions through the analysis of two stage least squares(2 SLS) endogenous problems: one is the joint migration of farmer couple has a significantly positive effect on the desire of land circulation, and there are different effect on on the desire of land circulation among other migration combinations. The other is there is a significant different direction and influence degree to the desire of land circulation among the control variables of kinds of migration combinations.(4) The effect of joint migration decision of farmer couple on the behavior and scale of land circulation:First, from the view of land circulation of farmer, the behavior of land circulation is the highest in the joint migration of farmer couple, up to 68.703%, and the joint migration of farmer couple have a significantly positive effect on the behavior of land circulation, meanwhile it will prompt the behavior of land circulation to increase 4.694%, the migration pattern of husband migrate while wife at home is up to 66.413%,only lower than the joint migration, but there is no significant impact on the behavior of land circulation. At the same time, the migration pattern of wife migrate while husband at home is the lowest, up to 56.500%,and there is a significant negative impact on the behavior of land circulation, the behavior of land circulation will reduce 4.855%. If wife and husband are both at home, the land of circulation is 61.054%, and there is a significantly negative impact on the behavior of land circulation, the behavior of land circulation will reduce 3.617%.Second, order to overcome the potential endogeneity problem in the model, this paper revises the estimation bias of the explaining variable and control variable in Logistic regression estimation, using maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) method of instrumental variable(IVProbit) and the number of the village labor force migration as the instrumental variable.Third, The curve which is fitted by cultivated area owned by farmers couples and the land transfer behavior of farmers shows a more obvious at both ends of the bending of the inverted "U" shape. Therefore, there is an inverted "U" shaped relationship among cultivated land area owned by the farmer couples、the size of the labor force of family and the land transfer behavior of farmers.Forth, there is two general conclusions through the analysis of instrumental variable(IVProbit) endogenous problems: One is rural couples joint migration has a significant positive effect on the rural land transfer, land transfer rate, land outflow scale, but the farmer couples’ joint migration has a significant negative impact on the scale of the rural household land inflow, but the control variables were significantly different between the different farmer and the couples; two is the farmer’s husband and wife family owned farmland area, the family labor force scale and the peasant household land transfer behavior exists between the inverted "U" type relations.Based on the above conclusion, proposed should pay attention to the peasant family internal decision-making and the division of labor, promote family moved to cities and towns or promote farmers both husband and wife at the same time migration; By providing fair, convenient and portable medical insurance and the social security system of children’s education, urban housing welfare and so on for farmers, To promote their stable employment and life in non-agricultural sectors and regions, change the current non portable rural social security function, break through the binding of the land to the migration of the labor force, improve the farmers’ willingness and behavior of land transfer, in order to promote the orderly transfer of population urbanization and the rural left behind farmers to achieve the appropriate scale of agriculture to create conditions; we can’t look at isolated rural labor migration issues, but should cultivate the rural labor transfer and land system, urbanization, new business entities and the professional farmers combination, what’s more,we should be differentiated and targeted for policy incentives and policy guidance.