| Achievement goal theory is a key area of achievement motivation and generally refers to one of two orientations to learning. Traditionally, this has been conceived as individuals possessing either a mastery orientation with concern for learning and self-improvement, or a performance orientation with concern for approval of others or failure avoidance. The most current hypothesized conceptualization of goal orientation, the 3 X 2 model, in which goals may be differentiated by one's definition of competence (absolute, interpersonal and normative) and valence (approach vs. avoidance) was tested empirically. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale (the GOAL) for college students that measures academic achievement goal types consistent with the 3 X 2 model. Results indicated that the 3 X 2, six goal model was not supported. Three goal orientations emerged from the data: a Mastery orientation, a Normative orientation, and a Mastery-avoidance Affective orientation. The GOAL was also tested for stability, validity, and examined in relation to demographic variables. |
