| A total of 456 kinds of historical translations were published in the late Qing Dynasty (1901-1911), when the publications number and types were greatly increased compared with before 1901. Students studying in Japan had become the leading translators instead of missionaries, and private presses had also become major publishers. Most of the historical translations were published between 1901-1904 with the heyday in 1903, and the number of historical translations decreased from 1904.The "Oriental" was a geographical concept in the history, and modern Japanese endowed "Oriental" with cultural connotations, it became Japan's self-definition tool in world history or international relations in addition to referring to Far East or Asia. Japanese divided the world into three civilized areas, which were Western, Oriental and Japan, which excluded itself from the "Oriental". In the late Qing Dynasty, the absolute and relative number of the Asian historical translations increased considerably compared with before 1901. These translations had brought the new concept of "Oriental" and"Oriental History" to Chinese population, promoted the formation of Chinese's"Asian consciousness ", changed the editorial form and expanded the scope of national history research.In the late Qing Dynasty (1901-1911), a total of 87 species of historical-biography translations were published, and could be broadly divided into eleven categories according to the host identity. The historical-biography translations were different from traditional historical-biography in many ways.Compared with 1901, the proportion of Oriental History was greatly increased. Oriental historical-biography translations emphatically shaped the images of Patriots of Japan's reform, Zheng Chenggong, Genghis Khan, Sun Yat-sen et al, which was closely related to the social thought at that time. It should be noted that the motives of the Japanese creation and the Chinese translation were very different. |
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