The Study Of Yuyang Area Population,Agriculture And Environment(1476-1911)

Yuyang area surrounded by mountains,the landscape is given priority to with mountain and hills,forest resource is very rich.Because is located in four provinces of Hubei,Henan,Shanxi,Sichuan border land,Yuyang area administrative divisions is in a state of divide and conquer for a long time,until in Chenghua twelve years(1476),Ming government under serious refugees here,decided to draw here "d.c.",set the Yuyang mansion from which the name of "Yuyang" comes.Its chief executive known collectively as Yuyang caresses,dedicated to appease the knave matters management trilateral region,therefore,Yuyang district Chenghua twelve years(1476)as the time limit formally entered the period of the government charge the standardized and orderly development in mountainous areas.Orderly production,stable social environment of life,has brought the filling of population growth and the population pressure into the driving force for resource development,driving people to continuously expand the scope of agricultural reclamation.This expansion is progressive,from the ground to river,lake,tidal flats and slopes,hills.In the late Qing dynasty the development pace of people is more big,deep into the lim area,deep in the mountains of development is emerging with the introduction of corn,potatoes,sweet potatoes,strong adaptability of species for the mountains of people development improved varieties,the Ming and Qing dynasties of Yuyang district resources development is extensive,the blind and the characteristics of excess,the increasingly serious contradiction between human and land,the consequences of both the development of the society,also has the change of environment.From the central government to local government officials may not don't know the consequences of resource development,just under the trade-offs,made in accordance with the choice of short-term interests,we should stand on the point of view of history to this comment.In general,the author believes that the development process is necessary in the development of the human production process,the central government's development strategy is the necessary choice in the process of social development.Only truly experience the natural environment for people to hold back production and living,thought will be truly value.This article discusses from four aspects.The first chapter,from two aspects of natural environment and humane environment and discussed Yuyang district social change of natural geography and cultural background.The formation of any social pattern is rooted in the natural environment and cultural environment,the influence of the behavior of people comes from the inner habit formation,mode of production is subject to environmental constraints.Human activities and common patterns constitutes the basic social production mode.The second chapter,discusses the inner relationship between population and environment of Yuyang area during the Ming and Qing dynasties.By comparison with population characteristics of Ming and Qing dynasties,this paper argues that population growth presents”geometry" growth trend in the Qing dynasty,and has discussed the environmental impact of population.First,combined with the occurrence of natural disasters in Yuyang area,on the basis of the number of contrast in different period of disaster,the emergence of new disasters,and the connection between different disasters,proves that the increase of the population does make climate becoming more unstable,the manifestation is the increase of the severe weather.Second,investigates the relationship between population and the biological species of Yuyang district,thtough the records of the tiger in the areas of the literature in Yuyang,analysis the change law of biological species of Yuyang district.Especially compare with the changes of the biological species in a few hours when the population changes larger,in this paper,the starting time of the the species change is from Qianlong fifteen years(1785)to Tongzhi four years(1865),and the number of Yuyang district species dosen't reduce,main effect is large wild animals and birds and plants with economic valueThe third chapter,based on the research of the agricultural production and development t know the people's life of Yuyang area in Ming and Qing dynasties,The development of irrigation and water conservancy is the concrete embodiment of laboring wisdom in the long-term production and life,make use of the natural conditions and the artificial creation make the people's production and life in Yuyang area more convenient.Yuyang district has continued the tradition farming,they are not good at handwork,not engaged in merchants,all the living between fields,slash-and-burn cultivation way until now,because this is the most suitable for farming methods of forest landscape.Agricultural production technology is developing with the ethnic fusion and the promotion of the officials for th agricultural technology,the improvement of agricultural technology provides the technical support for people to exploit the nature resources,late Qing population growing provided the original momentum for resource development,the introduction of corn which is the high yield drought-resistant species is a catalyst of the resource development movement.Agriculture's impact on the environment is more direct than the influence of the population,the pressure of population growth by agriculture to pass on the environment,directly affect the whole forest system of the Yuyang area,the system complex and interconnected,including trees,soil,microorganisms,animals,air,etc.,the destruction of the system is irreversible,it is difficult to repair;people of the day have noticed the relationship between soil erosion and agricultural reclamation,even forward deduced that the root cause is the population growth.The fourth chapter,through to the official and Yuyang district environmental thought,this paper local officials to understand the environmental ideas in Yuyang district of survival and development space.Officials have received a good education,there are ways to understand foreign ideas,especially contact the actual local government,local officials for the environment change and the consequences of the most pure clear understanding,they thought the receiver is the best environment.Qing government due to the limitation of productivity level,there is no way to rely on improving the efficiency of production way solve the survival needs of large population,and local officials out of the set of ethic morality,even aware of the basic reason is that population growth too fast,and no way to suggest limiting population growth,this time the government and officials can do is do not involve the fundamental environmental protection measures,planting trees,and the cultivation of reason is given priority to with emphasis on its economic value,that is to say,at present our understanding of the environment to stay on the instrumental value to the environment,it is the precondition of ecological concept formation,Yuyang district local officials have long had a preliminary ecological consciousness,which realize the interaction between human and nature,know the human being is a natural disaster is rooted in the human reclamation,and make a solution of returning farmland to forest.But in the late Qing officials when a serious shortage of land for the scheme of returning farmland to forest,and conservative attitude.Anthropocentrism is prevalent in human survival is ho guarantee that the ecological concept,for the officials,breakthrough the limitation of human center idea and transformed into ecological is a impossible thing.This article from the population characteristics and agricultural development of Yuyang district,objective and comprehensive to restore the Ming and Qing dynasties the real condition of social production and living,Yuyang area by comparing the Ming and Qing two dynasties differences of different social production development,from the Angle of ecological observation and evaluation,looking for the natural ecological environment change caused by natural factors and social factors,natural ecological environment and the internal relations between social economic development and the final trend,for reference and guidance for the economic development now.