Study On The Administration Of The Central Government To The Gansu-qinghai-ningxia Ethnic Minority Areas In Qing Dynasty

Gansu?Qinghai?Ningxia minority area is an important part of Northwest China.Stability and development of Gan?Qing?Ning are related to the stable development of the northwest region and even to the overall development and tranquility of the great motherland.Gansu Ningxia Qinghai minority area include today's Gansu Provincial People's government,Qinghai Provincial People's government and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region's jurisdiction.Gansu province has a total area of 453 thousand and 700 square kilometers;Qinghai province has a total area of 696 thousand and 700 square kilometers;Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has more than 6.6 square kilometers.The land area in three regions accounts for 12.1% of the total land area of the country.It may be said vast in terrene.This area is also an important area of the western development strategy in China,which occupies an important strategic position.A comprehensive historical study of this area is of great significance to our country's realistic governance.Besides having important strategic significance,this region is also an important ethnic minority area in China.From ancient times to present,this region is an area where ethnic minorities in China are widely existed,which makes the comprehensive study of history and culture in Gansu,Qinghai and Ningxia ethnic areas have multiple significance.Moreover,Gansu,Qinghai and Ningxia ethnic minority area is still the fertile soil of coexistence and blending of many cultures in China.Cultural exchanges between Tibetan Buddhist culture,Islamic culture and Chinese culture formed today's unique Gansu-Qinghai-Ningxia cultural circle.In order to better understand the reality of Gan-Qing-Ning ethnic areas,it has become a realistic requirement to study the history of Gan-Qing-Ning ethnic areas.The reason for choosing the Qing Dynasty in the period of historical research is that the period of unification of a country is the most appropriate to make a comprehensive study of the history of Gansu,Qinghai and Ningxia ethnic areas from the perspective of the central government.Han and Tang Dynasties are two unified dynasties,but they are far from the present,so the historical situation is distinctly different with the actual situation.Although the Yuan Dynasty which was founded by powerful forces of Mongolian,is a vast unified dynasty.In the course of Mongolia's westward expedition,some ethnic groups in Central Asia moved into Gansu-Qinghai-Ningxia region constantly,which injected a large number of fresh blood into Gansu-Qinghai-Ningxia ethnic areas in China.The religious culture of these ethnic groups,such as Islamic culture,had also been brought into the Gansu-Qinghai-Ningxia culture circle.But this is the period of cultural reconstruction and formation occurred and great changes appeared in the pattern of Gansu-Qinghai-Ningxia ethnic areas.The Ming Dynasty inherited most of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty,but after the Mongolian returned to the desert,it is still a political force that can not be ignored.In order to unite the minority groups in Northwest China against the Mongolian forces,the Ming Dynasty carried out the policy of resettlement to the border areas.A large number of inland sergeants and their families came to Gansu,Qinghai and Ningxia to re-integrate the ethnic pattern created in Yuan Dynasty.However,Gansu,Qinghai and Ningxia were still managed as the national frontier.The Qing Dynasty was an important period for stabilizing and digesting the national and cultural pattern on the basis of turning the region into the hinterland of the state.As the last feudal dynasty in our country,the Qing Dynasty was also very close to the reality,and it played a very obvious role in connecting the preceding and the following.From the perspective of the Qing Dynasty,the study on the management of the northwest minority areas is of great significance,and it is most appropriate to select the Qing Dynasty for the study.This paper made a concrete study on the development and changes of ethnic,religion,politic,economy,cultural and educational conditions in Gansu,Qinghai and Ningxia ethnic areas during the Qing Dynasty.And the Qing Dynasty governance countermeasures were analyzed and evaluated.In the process of establishing political power in Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai ethnic minority areas,government had gradually come to understand the actual situation of this region,such as social and economic depression,multi-ethnic mixed habitation,frontier location and backward aspect on culture and education.The Qing Dynasty had a view on the regional situation which was defined,and according to its view on the actual situation to complete the work of formulation of governance strategies and specific measures.Therefore,in each chapter,i comb and discuss all aspects of the situation of Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai in the "eyes" of the Qing Dynasty central government.Another research content of this paper is the Qing Dynasty's strategy of governing Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai ethnic areas and the concrete policies and measures implemented in various aspects.The tactics of "separating the military from the government" and "simplifying the government and troops" adopted by the Qing Dynasty in military politics and their concrete manifestations were discussed.On the nation,the Qing Dynasty,guided by the fundamental purpose of deepening and strengthening the central rule,tried to stabilize ethnic relation,promote political identity,strengthen the national centripetal force of ethnic minorities,and provided a favorable ethnic environment for the social and economic development of ethnic areas.This article also divides into Mongolian,"Fan" and Muslim groups three plates to carry on the concrete elaboration for the ethnic group and religion management of Qing Dynasty.In terms of economic and agricultural development,the Qing Dynasty,in order to reverse the backward situation of social economy in Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai in the early Qing Dynasty,adopted the strategy of "recuperate and build up strength" to the people in the mass.Measures for economic development such as encouraging reclamation of wasteland,setting up farmland,exempting taxes,disaster relief,lightening the economic burden of the people,and establishing water conservancy had been implemented.The Qing Dynasty took a jaundiced view against the development of culture and education in Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai areas for ages.They believed that the area is the "desert" of culture and education,and further implemented the development strategy of "emphasizing the force and neglecting literature".Taking care measures in imperial examinations could not fundamentally change the backward position of local culture and education.And finally i made a comprehensive evaluation of the Qing Dynasty's regional management.From the perspective of the central government,the academia was short of pectination on the official management of Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai.I hope to make up for this deficiency to a certain extent through the article.