| Mindfulness is nonjudgmental attention and awareness of the present experience.Mindfulness helps people see past experiences as an objective existence,without purpose.Mindfulness just let people observe these objective beings,without being influenced by the preexisting cognition.When individuals are faced with uncomfortable experiences,they usually want them to go away as soon as possible.But the more individuals focus on pursuing our desired goals,the more anxiety increases,and that anxiety diminishes their ability to achieve them.Mindfulness training maintains emotional health by cultivating a distancing attitude that does not involve negative experiences.Mindfulness promotes mental health by at least one of the following ways: first,by keeping individuals' attention in the present moment and not letting ruminant and automatic thinking dominate individuals' attention.The second is to recognize the impermanence of experience and to be unattached to anything.And persistence is often the source of pain.The third is acceptance.Avoiding painful experiences often leads to more negative emotion.Mindfulness requires people to just experience the moment without trying to change it.Because all experiences happen for a reason.Fourth,do not judge.No judgment is no ego.Joy when gained,sorrow when lost.Human emotion often alternate between happiness and sadness.Only when there is no judgment can there be a state of peace without gain or loss,and peace of mind can be achieved.In short,mindfulness training teaches people to pay attention and be present in a non-judgmental way,to experience peace and self-compassion.Peace allows people to embrace the impermanence of life without sinking into the flood of desire.Peace allows people to adapt and accept the moment without being controlled by judgment.Mindfulness can be seen as a measurable personality trait.People with high trait mindfulness are better able to live in the moment and maintain a detached attitude toward both internal and external experiences.After long-term training,the level of trait mindfulness will also be improved to some extent.Trait mindfulness levels can be measured by measures such as the mindful attention awareness scale(MAAS)and the five-factor mindfulness scale(FFMQ).Mindfulness can also be a state of being present and temporary.State mindfulness can be induced by the practice of observing breathing.People with high trait mindfulness have better cognitive and emotional functioning.The same is true for people who have been induced to high levels of mindfulness,but once the induction is stopped,the cognitive and emotional functions return to their pre-induction levels.Therefore,to continuously create a state of constant attention to the present moment,it must be achieved through long-term practice.Substance craving is the desire to experience the effects of neuroactive drugs again,which can stimulate relapse and sustained drug abuse and dependence.The strength of substance craving is the most important predictor of substance abuse and relapse after withdrawal.In drug rehabilitation area,the greater the intensity of drug craving,the more difficult it is to prevent relapse.Therefore,reducing drug craving is an important measure for drug rehabilitation.Because drug is easy to cause physical dependence,existing psychological methods(such as cognitive therapy,dialectical behavior therapy)often have little effect.Recent literature has shown that mindfulness is a promising drug treatment.The purpose of this study is to explore the value of mindfulness in drug rehabilitation by analyzing the relationship between mindfulness and drug craving.This study intends to study drug craving from three aspects.One is conscious or explicit drug craving,measured by self-reported questionnaires.Second,drug craving,which is suppressed outside of consciousness(implicit),can be expressed by implicit drug attitude and implicit drug self-concept association tests.The third is the neurophysiological response caused by drug craving.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether trait mindfulness,inducing mindfulness state,and mindfulness intervention can reduce drug craving to some extent.The decrease in drug craving may be seen in self-reports,implicit measures and physiological indicators.Study 1 was a correlational research.The relationship between trait mindfulness and explicit drug craving was studied in 475 addicts.The craving was measured by questionnaires,implicit cognition and physiological indicators(such as breath,heart rate).Study 1 further explored the mediating effects of self-compassion,emotional regulation and emotional health and moderating effects of trait mindfulness.Study 2was a laboratory experiment study.The effects of mindfulness on drug craving were studied in 402 female addicts.The dependent variables were also measured by questionnaires,implicit association tests and physiological indicators(such as breath,heart rate),and the mediators in study 2 were motivated emotional regulation and emotional health,the moderator in study 2 was motivated state mindfulness.Study 3was an 8-week mindfulness intervention study.The effects of mindfulness intervention on drug craving were studied in 430 male and 70 female drug addicts.Questionnaires,implicit association tests and physiological indicators were used to assess the attenuated effect of mindfulness intervention on drug craving.The mediating effects and potential moderating variables of self-compassion,emotional regulation and emotional health were also analyzed.The results of this study showed that: 1.Trait mindfulness can negatively predict drug craving,the motivation of state mindfulness can reduce the immediate craving for drugs,an eight-week mindfulness intervention had a long-term effect of reducing drug craving,and the immediate and long-term effect can not only reflected in self-reported drug craving,but also implicit indicators such as implicit drug self-concept,physiological measures such as breath rate,breath depth,and heart rate.2.Trait mindfulness,the motivation of state mindfulness and an eight-week mindfulness intervention can improve emotional regulation and emotional health then decrease craving.3.Trait mindfulness and mindfulness intervention can reduce the relationship between implicit drug cognition and drug craving.The conclusion of this study was as follows: 1.Mindfulness training can be promoted and applied in practice as an effective method of psychological treatment.Mindfulness had immediate and long-term effect of reducing drug craving.The motivation of state mindfulness can decrease self-reported immediate craving,improve implicit drug cognition and physiological indicators such as breath rate,heart rate,while the improving had a shorter duration.Drug addicts' self-reported craving in daily life,physiological indicators such as breath rate,heart rate,and implicit self-concept had been improved through mindfulness intervention,and the improving had a longer stable duration.So mindfulness intervention is needed to get a long-term effectiveness.It is best to make mindfulness a habit.2.Mindfulness works by improving emotional regulation,thereby promoting emotional health.Trait mindfulness and long-term mindfulness intervention can also improve the level of self-compassion of drug addicts,thereby improving the emotional regulation and the emotional health,and finally reducing drug craving.This testified and enriched the exploration of emotional regulation theoretical mechanism by which mindfulness decreasing craving.3.Mindfulness can modulate the relationship between impulsive system and reflective system,decrease the effect of impulsive system on craving.Then the possibility of both implicit and explicit motivation driving drug seeking behavior was reduced.Which tested dual process model of craving. |
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