The Research Of Northeast Frontiers People's Gaxan System In The Early Qing Dynasty

Northeast is the hometown of Manchuria and the base of the Qing Dynasty.Before the Qing Dynasty entered the shanhai customs,unified the northeast,and established the jurisdiction over the vast areas of the lower Songhua River,the Usuri River,and the lower Heilongjiang River.In the Qing dynasty,the implementation of the gaxan system and the implementation of Manchurianization of the frontiers strengthened the jurisdiction over the region.In the Qing dynasty,"adapting to local conditions" and "ruling according to customs",on the one hand,moved the Banners among the frontiers to make them Manchuria;Measures such as set up administration in gaxan and choose the son-in-law from frontier,Tribute mink and Wulin reward have established more effective jurisdiction.The gaxan system and the Manchurianization of the frontiers made the aboriginal people of the Northeast region decide their positions and do their responsibilities.The implementation of the gaxan system is based on the differences in the natural geographical environment of the vast areas of the lower Heilongjiang River and the lower Songhua River and the Wusuli River.After fully understanding the imbalance of the development of the border society in the region and the blood relationship still prevailing,etc.Build administrative villages(that is,gaxan)outside the Wusuli River and in large areas in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang,and widely set up administration within them,Organize tribute mink on as tax,and register as an account,and look for candidates among the frontiers Choose a son-in-law to marry a maiden to strengthen management;At the same time,the frontiers tribe is required to give certain rewards,strengthen the frontiers subordination,and promote economic exchanges.These measures are an important part of the gaxan system,and together they form a practical and effective grassroots management.The Manchurianization of the Frontier is a policy that the Qing dynasty focused on based on factors such as region,blood,and culture.When Nurhachi unified the northeast by force,part of the population was brought back to the local households,while the other part of the population was left in place to be edited by Karshan and set up by the governor.After the entry into the customs,the scope of editing households was expanded,and the cattle migration records of the border residents who remained in the same place were finally incorporated into the Eight Banners,integrated into the Eight Banners,and became a member of the Manchuria Community.The gaxan system established the border jurisdiction that had never been seen in Chinese history,and established a more durable and stable affiliation between the Qing Dynasty and the folk in the northeast.The Manchurianization of the frontiers strengthened the Eight Banners' garrison,expanded the source of the Eight Banners organization,strengthened the jurisdiction over the border residents outside the Usuri River and the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River,and also promoted agricultural production in the Northeast.At the same time,in the process of resisting the aggression of Tsarist Russia,"Old Manchuria" and "New Manchuria" did not fear to die,and together fought against the aggression of Tsarist Russia.The gaxan system has improved the living standards of the frontier people,and also allowed the culture of the Qing Dynasty to spread widely in the lower reaches of the Songhua River,east of the Usuri River,and the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River.Of course,the massive migration and large-scale rewards of the Frontier people will increase the economic burden of the government;the establishment of Ninguta New City,Ilan Hala city and other cities and Wulin Kishiro have caused the deforestation of large areas.However,the flaws cannot be concealed.The Karman system and Manchurianization of the frontiers have promoted political,economic,and cultural exchanges,stabilized the "base area" of the Qing Dynasty,and opened up a new situation in the management of the Northeast region.