A Study On The Relationship Between Mongolian Torghut And Tibet In The Middle Period Of Qing Dynasty

In the middle period of the Qing Dynasty,at the height of China's last feudal dynasty,the Yongzheng Emperor suppressed the rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in Lop Zangdanjin,and the eastern part of the Tibetan plateau was pacified;in the 20 th year of Emperor Qianlong,the Zunghar Khanate was pacified,he established a General of Yili in Xinjiang(that is,a general in Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture)to govern the military and political affairs of the north and the south of Ten-zan;After living there for nearly a century and a half,the Mongolian Torghut who moved westward from the Tacheng region of Xinjiang in the second year of Tiancong(1628)returned to their native land in the year thirty-six of Qianlong(1771),under the leadership of Ubaxi Khan and others The Qing Court placed the Mongolian new Torghut,led by Shereng,in the Khovd and Altay,and one of the tribe led by Ubasi Khan,in the Julduz nomadism of the Karashar ministers of state,as the old Torghut of the South Road;To place a detachment of the Prince Zebekdorji's troops under the charge of the counsellor of Tarbagatay and the Boksari nomads,known as the old Torghut of the North Road;to place a detachment of the prince rambal's troops under the charge of the Kulkara Usu nomads,it was called the old Torghut on the East road,and a group led by the bellomords was settled in the crystal river,called the old Torghut on the West road.The Torghut believes in Tibetan Buddhism,and Tibet is the center of the Tibetan Buddhism of Traditional Society.Thus,before its return to China,the Torghut maintained close and friendly relations with Tibet with the approval of the Qing Court.Even when the road was blocked during a crisis in relations with the Zunghar Khan,they made a long detour all the way from Siberia to the capital,where they were escorted by the Qing court on their way to Tibet to make tea ceremony Buddhas,so that their traditional intercourse was not interrupted by the obstruction of the road.On the basis of the ancient literature of Manchu,Han and Tibetan,this paper attempts to study the Torghut in the nine to eleven years of Yongzheng and the twenty-two years of Qianlong before the return of the Qing Dynasty,and the relationship between Tibet and the thirty-seven and fifty years after the return of the motherland,the time before and after the expulsion of Gurkha,etc.The paper attaches importance to the use of Manchu,Tibetan and Chinese documents,focusing on the above-mentioned different time to Tibet tea ceremony to launch a special discussion.The paper is divided into seven parts:In the introduction,the author explains the reason of the topic selection,the review of academic history,the collection and utilization of research materials,the research methods,the innovation,the academic value and the significance of the research.The First Chapter Discusses Torghut's tea making in Tibet during the nine to ten years of Yongzheng Reign.First,the origin of the Mongolian Torghut and living areas,as well as in the second year of Tiancong(1628)moved to the west,and in the establishment of the Torghut's Region,has experienced several generations of Khoorluk(Khan)painstaking management;Second,it explains the route of the envoys of the Torghut's Region turhute Khanate to Tibet to boil tea,and the basic situation of their final arrival in Taining,Kham The third is the detailed account of the visit of the envoys of the Torghut Khanate to the 7th Dalai Lama,Gesang Gyatso Rinpoche,in Taining,Kham,these included asking the 7th Dalai Lama for names,asking the 7th Dalai Lama to remain in Tibet,asking the monks and monks of the 7th Dalai Lama,bowing to the 7th Dalai Lama and offering gifts,and the 7th Dalai Lama returning gifts to the ambassadors of Torghut,the origin and significance of these gifts are analyzed and summarized through the types of gifts offered;the fourth is to elaborate on the request of the envoys sent by the Turghut Khanate,Chelingdundob Khan,for the 7th Dalai Lama,the specific contents include the report to the 7th Dalai Lama by the envoy,Batur Wumbu,and the envoy,Xirob Danzin,and the basic contents of the7 th Dalai Lama's reply to the ambassadors of Torghut,the exchange and dialogue between the ambassadors of Torghut and the representatives of the 7th Dalai Lama,and the situation of the Dalai Lamas' giving the Khan the Khan's name The fifth is to discuss the closing of the 7th Dalai Lama.The specific contents include reviewing the origin of the title of “Dalai Lama”,describing the 7th Dalai Lama exchanges with Torghut envoys,and reviewing the Manchu documents which record the practice of the titles of the Dalai Lama to the first Khan of Torghut The sixth is to discuss the basic situation of the seal of the 7th Dalai Lama.Specifically elaborated Turghut Khan Chelingdundob seal the Khan of the specific meaning,to Turghut Khan account for related matters.In view of the importance of Torghut's sending envoys to Tibet to prepare tea for the Buddha ceremony to the society of Turghut Khanate,this paper summarizes the important historical significance of the sending envoys to Tibet to prepare tea for the Buddha ceremony,this paper deals with the details of Torghut's departure from Taining,Kham,to 7th Dalai Lama tea and worship Buddha in Tibet.Finally,according to the historical clue recorded in Tibetan documents that one of the devotees of Buddha Gautama Buddha's crown in Jokhang was princess Torghut in the period of 7th Dalai Lama,based on the historical background of Torghut's tea ceremony in Tibet,and combined with historical data,the author concludes that the7 th Dalai Lama period,“The princess of Torghut who dedicated her crown to the four Muris of the Buddha of Jokhang ”.Is Hatun Darma Bala,the late Ayuka Khan of the Khanate of Turghut.The Second Chapter Discusses twenty-two is about Torghut's tea making in Tibet in the year of Qian Long.From the 11 th year of Emperor Yongzheng to the 22 th year of Emperor Qianlong,the Volga Region of the Torghut Khanate also sent envoys to Tibet to prepare tea for the Buddha,only to be denied Dareka no Negai Ga Kanau Koro when they arrived at the Tuxietu Khanate in Khalkha Mongols,over 20 years apart.Turghut went to Tibet to prepare tea for the Buddha,still via Siberia,arrived in Beijing,through Beijing to Tibet.This chapter discusses the Torghut envoy Blowing Zab and others in the imperial court sent care escort,not long before the arrival of Tibet,encounter 7th Dalai Lama death.Even though your health was in a state of 7th Dalai Lama,you still received the Torghut envoys from afar,and gave tea for you and others,and asked detailed questions about the people's livelihood and the Buddhist belief in Torghut.It fully embodies the deep friendship between Tibet and the Volga Region in the Qing Dynasty,as well as the altruistic spirit of being the Great Living Buddha of the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism,who loves the country,protects the country and benefits the people,and saves all living beings.Then,it discusses the basic situation of the Torghut envoys' kowtowing to the Lobsang Palden Yeshe,6th Panchen Lama.Finally,in view of the fact that the word “brewed tea”,especially the word “Manja Fuifumbi” recorded in the Manchu documents,does not correspond to the meaning of “brewed tea”in itself,the author makes a comparison between the Chinese,Tibetan and Manchu documents,based on the basic knowledge of Tibetology and Tibetan Buddhism,the author argues that “manja fuifumbi” is abreviated from “manja alistume,cai fuifumbi”.The Third Chapter discusses the first time after the return of the Torghut to Tibet to boil tea ceremony Buddha.First of all,elaborated the historical background before going to Tibet to boil tea.Secondly,it expounds the basic situation of visiting Jamphel Gyatso and Lobsang Palden Yeshe,6th Panchen Lama after going to Tibet.In the light of the fact that the Han and Manchu documents do not have detailed records of this period of history,the author quotes Tibetan documents to supplement and perfect this period of history to the greatest extent,and to prove and verify some of its historical details,thus restored the basic historical clue at that time.In addition,the fact that a small number of people were sent to Tibet in the second year after Torghut's return to the motherland proved once again that the Volga Region Torghut had traveled thousands of miles to return to the motherland,one of the main reasons for their return was their adherence to the pious beliefs of the Tibetan Buddhism,which prevented them from being democratised.It is well known that he was a great patriotic folk hero and played an important role in the return of Torghut to its homeland and in the preparation of tea for Tibet the following year.Also because of tote language,Tibetan language,Chinese and other documents on his deathbed,the problem of the medical record has not been recorded in history.When I translated the Manchu documents,I was lucky to find detailed records about his medical records before his death,and combined with historical materials,I made a textual research on his medical records before his death,from the four medical theories,we get the symptom,the cause,the doctor,the Chinese medicine,the Western medicine,the Mongolian medicine and the Tibetan medicine.Chapter Fourth deals with the relationship between Torghut and Tibet around 50 years ago.This chapter is divided into three parts.First,it describes the opportunity for the Torghut to go to Beijing through the Lobsang Palden Yeshe,6th Panchen Lama,to go to Rehe to Kowtow;and then,with the passing of the Lobsang Palden Yeshe,6th Panchen Lama,the number and size of Torghut going to Tibet to boil tea to pay homage to Buddha is decreasing.Secondly,using Manchu documents,this paper discusses that Aksahal,the new leader of the old Torghut alliance on the North Road,intends to take 200 people to Tibet to prepare tea for the Buddha,and to recite sutras for the late first Prince Zebekdorji and the second Prince Chiribu,the fact that the nomadic people in Torghut took some young children to study Buddhist scriptures in Tibet and invited some good doctors to bring them back to the nomadic people in Torghut was rejected by the Minister of Counsellor of Tarbagatay.Thirdly,it explains that Karashar Minister of Affairs Yamantai was transferred by the court to Tibet to serve as deputy minister in Tibet.Before his departure,he ruled the southern road under the jurisdiction of the old Torghut Khan,Zelingnamzal,when he learned that Yamantai had been transferred to Tibet,the Khoshut Minister,Belek Ubasi,and others offered gifts,asking him to return the Jamphel Gyatso and Palden Tenpai Nyima,7th Panchen Lama upon his arrival.When Yamantai arrived in Tibet to take up the post of deputy minister in Tibet,the south road old torghu Khan and other transfer gifts,transfer to the Jamphel Gyatso.The Jamphel Gyatso,and so forth,returning gifts to Torghut.It fully embodies the friendly exchanges between the Mongolian Torghut and other ministries under the Qing Dynasty and Tibet.Finally,the author makes a textual research on the misapplication of place names in "Shanxi" and "Sanxi" in Manchu documents.Chapter Fifth discusses the relationship between Torghut and Tibet,before and after the expulsion of Gurkha.Firstly,the historical background of the two invasions of Tibet by the Gurkha people during the Qianlong period is expounded.Secondly,it discusses the reasons why Torghut and other departments stopped and withdrew halfway to Tibet to prepare tea for Buddha ceremony.These include the structure of the Buddha,the source of the money,the reason of withdrawing halfway to Tibet,the reason and essence of the government's policy of restricting Torghut's tea making to Tibet,and the government's policy of restricting Torghut's tea making to Tibet.Thirdly,it expounds the process of Torghut going to Tibet again to make tea ceremony after the expulsion of Gurkha people.These include the personnel structure of the Buddha,the people to meet after the arrival of the Torghut and other ministries in Tibet,and the main tea-making and charity places.Torghut presents gifts to Tibet,categories and amount of silver.During this period,I made textual research on the time and place of Torghut's tea ceremony in Tibet,such as the “knotted well” in Hami,Xinjiang,based on the textual research on the names of "Qingtoushan" and "Huihuipu" in Hexi Corridor area of Gansu Province,the author's basic viewpoints are obtained.In conclusion,the history of the Chinese nation is composed of 56 ethnic groups.The history of the Chinese nation,especially the history of the relations between Torghut and Tibet in the middle period of the Qing Dynasty,is an important part of the history subject.Today,the state continues to supplement the historical knowledge of various ethnic groups in the general history of China,and ethnic history has gradually formed a new discipline category,academic research is thriving.The Mongols and Tibetan ethnic minorities have a long history and splendid culture in China,and have played an important role in Chinese history.The study of the history of the relationship between Torghut and Tibet is also an important part of the study of Mongolian and Tibetan history.It should be pointed out that the scope of relations between Torghut and Tibet is extremely broad,mainly in economic,political,religious,linguistic,literary,astronomical calendar,arts and crafts and many other aspects.However,on the one hand,due to the invasion of the Junggar Forces to Tibet in the early Qing Dynasty,for the sake of the peace of Tibet,the Qing government adopted a strict policy of restricting the western regions and Mongolian tribes from going to Tibet.On the other hand,the Qing government attached great importance to the ethnic affairs in these two border areas by establishing Yili generals in Xinjiang and Tibetan ministers in Tibet.So in a long time,especially in the middle of Qing Dynasty,the communication between Torghut and Tibet was carried out to a great extent by the organized royal court going to Tibet to make tea ceremony,and there was no contact between the people.Therefore,the relationship between the two is reflected through the tea ceremony,which is one of the reasons why the author discusses the relationship between the two.On the basis of discussing the relationship between them,the paper points out the deficiency of the objective factors.