Taxi Style And Literature In The Early Eastern Han Dynasty

This thesis takes the style and literature of the early Eastern Han Dynasty as the research object and analyzes the formation,development and evolution of scholarship in the period under the view of the historical development,ideology and cultural evolution of this great unified empire.From the macroscopic view,it tries to describe the growing process of the intellectuals in the early Eastern Han Dynasty getting out of the political and ideological confusion of the Western Han Dynasty,realizing rational spirit of consciousness and independent personality.It also tries to analyze the basic track of the generation and evolution of the scholarship and literature in the early Eastern Han Dynasty.This thesis is divided into five chapters.The first chapter,"The Development and Evolution of Literature of Western Han Dynasty",focuses on the conspirators' and Confucian scholars' spiritual transformation from Qin Dynasty to Han Dynasty between the late of Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty,including the conspirators Zhang Liang,Xiao He,Cao Can,Chen Ping and Confucian scholars Shu Suntong,Lou Jing and Lu Jia etc.Secondly,from the point Wang Mang's Ruling,the symbolic event,it discusses the evolution of scholarship during Emperor Wen Jing period,Emperor Wu Di and the middle and late period of Western Han Dynasty.On the basis of the analysis of the representative scholars' personal existence and literary styles including Jia Yi,Chao Cuo,Dong Zhongshu,SiMa Xiangru,Si Maqian,Liu Xiang and Liu Xin etc,the chapter also captures their spiritual derivation process and reveals the confusion in the political passion as well as the external inspiring characteristics.Based on this,the thesis investigates the links between the scholarship of Western Han Dynasty and Wang Mang's ruling as a replacement of the Han Dynasty.Wang Mang took the advantages of political passion and fabrication,making the historic deception.In this way,we can draw the outline of the development and evolution course of the intellectuals in the Western Han Dynasty who were obsessed with politics and mentality and eventually fell into the craze of the time.The second chapter," The Turning Point of Yang Xiong and scholarship of the Eastern and Western Han Dynasty and its Literature Development " through the proposition of Huan Tan's era-" Yang Xiong's enlightenment of wisdom and holy spirit",this chapter explores the main course of Yang Xiong's individual spiritual growing process and expounds the transformation of him and his fellow scholars of the Western Han Dynasty and its historical significance.Furthermore,it discusses over the construction of the scholar's ontology based on Yang Xiong's work-Tai Xuan and Fa Yan and tries to make a comprehensive and in-depth evaluation on Yang Xiong,a historical figure who made a turn for the scholarship and literature development of the Western Han Dynasty and pushed forward the academic rational spirit of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The third chapter,"The transitional existence of Huan Tan and the scholars during the Han Dynasty and its historical significance".First of all,there is a macro grasp of the Eastern Han Dynasty involving the spiritual appearance of the people who performed meritorious services,the objective historical situation of the continuation of the Eastern and Western Han Dynasty.Huan Tan,as an important scholar living in the turning period of Western and Eastern Han Dynasty,with the historical background of the Eastern and Western Han Dynasty both ended with Wang Mang's replacement and the empire's unification,is studied on the generation of his switch from research in Han Da Fu to the writing of lyrical Fu writing and then to the love of common simple writing style.This chapter is also devoted to the exploration of the process in which scholars of the Eastern Han Dynasty transferring from the building of diverse spiritual world to the spirit of independent personality and the diversified development of scholarship.Through the investigation of Huan Tan's will changing from "seizing alone" into serving the unification of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the event of his confrontation with the Emperor Guang Wudi,this chapter unveils the spiritual growth of scholars serving the county instead of their titles and defending the county even at the cost of their lives in the early and late Eastern Han Dynasty,reveals the transformation from individual development into the overall progress of scholars as a school.Based on the research of Huan Tan's Xin Lun,it can also be viewed in this chapter of his confrontation with intellectual confusion and his intellectual path of documenting,exploring rational thoughts in the period of the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties.The fourth chapter,"the formation of academic rational spirit flow of Wang Chong and scholars in the early Eastern Han Dynasty",values Wang Chong as a significant link of the intellectual development between the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties and explores social circumstances back then as well as mental and literary factors affecting the development of literature of that period.Through the investigation of Wang Chong's study tours and official trips,this chapter reveals the trend of the scholars' social space turning from the imperial court to prefectures and counties,and its influence on the development of the scholars' style,ideology,culture and literature.Also through the study of Lun Heng,this chapter presents Wang Chong's criticism of the social trend,the style of scholars and literature,his academic pursuit of practicing the academic rational thoughts in society,and reveals the role that Lun Heng played in the development of the intellectual rational spirit of intellectuals in the Eastern Han Dynasty after Xin Lun.The fifth chapter is "Ban Gu and the intellectuals of the early Eastern Han Dynasty leaping to the realistic rationalism".Ban Gu's calm and rational approach to reality,the realistic orientation of "friendship relying on affairs",presents a process of promoting the development of the individual spirit of the intellectuals with Yang Xiong,Huan Tan and Wang Chong,and the spiritual origin of his family and the development of his peer scholars.From the perspective of the development of literature,the birth of Ban Gu's Liang Du Fu embodies the true beauty of literature and the spirit of literature in the Eastern Han Dynasty,and the evolution of literary thoughts and literature development from Yang Xiong to Ban Gu in the period of the Han Dynasty.Through the study of the character theory of Sima Qian's Shi Ji and Ban Gu's Han Shu,this chapter discusses over their spiritual value and presents the different spiritual world of Shi Ji and Han Shu.While Shi Ji wins with ideal spirit,Han Shu wins with realistic rational spirit.From Ban Gu to Zhang Heng,Zhang Heng has the balanced spiritual space among nature,society and self in his individual life.He can not only predict the change of times,but also realize the development path of advance and retreat freely,which shows that the scholarship is in the process of dynamic development.