Study On Early Zhou Dynasty Archaeology Remains In South Shanxi Region

South Shanxi is located at the junction of the Central Plains and the North.The remains of the early Zhou Dynasty in this area have been typical and representative in the archaeology of the Zhou Dynasty.This article is based on the 215 discovered sites.Thius paper started with the remains of Jin state,Peng state,Ba state,Xian state,Li state and some national tribes that have detailed information in more than 20 places in the early Zhou Dynasty,trying to analyze the staging,cultural composition and related issues of each remains,according to the connotation of the site,the publication of materials,and the quality of ethnicity.The objective of the article was to discuss the development of early Jin state culture and the division of cultural areas in the region during that period,and revealed the situation of archaeological culture in South Shanxi in this period.This article is divided into six parts: Part Ⅰ analyzes and studies the ages,connotations and related issues of the remains of Tianma-Qucun residence,Jinhou cemetery,Qucun bronze tomb,and Qucun pottery tomb.The age limit of Tianma-Qucun needed to be re-examined after "Tianma-Qu Village(1980-1989)",especially the "Yong Yao" Gui was announced.According to these evidences,the article argued that eaelier tombs and eaelier resident remains were not the main part of the early Western Zhou Dynasty remains at Qucun’s residence.The conclusion was consistent with the records in "Zhu Shu Ji Nian","Yao Gong Gui",etc.The cultural composition of Qucun’s residential site is relatively simple comparing with tombs.Through the statistics of small industrial artifacts in each district of the residence,it could be seen that residential area I and J7 are the main distribution areas of Qucun Industry.And the content of Qucun’s industry has also changed over the years.Residents of Qu Village are distributed on Qu Village’s residential sites in the form of large mixed living and small settlements,according to the distribution of special pottery in Qucun’s residence.This phenomenon should be related to the "Nine Sects of the Huai Family" in the literature.According to the change characteristics of the Jinhou cemetery,this article divided the Jinhou cemetery into 4 phases.Then it discussed the sequencing of single seats in each period to get the sorting problem of the various units published in the Jinhou cemetery.It was found that the tombs of Madams are generally later than the tombs of Jin Hou,and the composition of cultural factors presents a state of more to less in the tombs of Jin Hou.The cultural composition of bronze tombs is the most complex,and it also showed a tendency to gradually decrease over time.The composition of pottery tombs was affected by age,gender,and social factors.And the cultural composition of pottery tombs was consistent with the changes in the cultural composition of residence,Jinhou cemetery,and bronze tomb.Part Ⅱ studied the cemeteries of sheep tongue,Shangma and Shang state cemeteries in Jin state.It could be seen that the cemetery of Yangshe was the continuation and development of the Beizhao cemetery of Jinhou.The features of the artifacts were next to the Jinhou cemetery.The cemetery inherited and developed some systems of the Jinhou cemetery,which will have a greater impact on the Central Plains region in the future.The first phase of Shangma Cemetery was not later than the early part of the late Western Zhou Dynasty.There was a gradual process of cultural composition: The first stage was purely weekly culture,and the second stage begins to diversify cultural factors.the cultural component reached its maximum with the emergence of bronze tombs,and stabilized in the early and late Spring and Autumn Period.It conformed to the law of social development in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.The remaines of Shangguo Cemetery could be divided into six periods.There were roughly 4 groups of cultural composition.Bronze Ding with kettle mouth revealed a special burial custom,which could not be found in the largest tombs in the cemetery,generally could be found in tombs of small and medium aristocrats.This article considered that the Shangguo cemetery was more likely to be ealier Quwo,combining relevant historical facts.Part Ⅲ studied the Fangdui、Yong Ningbao cemetery.Fangdui、Yong Ningbao cemetery could also be divided into six sections,ranging from the early part of the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the late part of the late Western Zhou Dynasty.The composition of the oracle bones of the Zhou divination at the site,the set of 5 tripods,and the early part of the early Western Zhou Dynasty was similar to the composition of the earliest copper ritual instruments in Qucun.It could not be ruled out that Fangdui、Yong Ningbao cemeery was the boundary of the ancient Tang Dynasty.Part Ⅳ studied the Dahekou and Hengshui cemeteries.Judging from the 11 tombs in the two cemeteries currently published,the cemeteries chronologically run through the entire Western Zhou period.The two cemeteries have more similarities: Both of these were monarch-level tombs,and the tombs were mainly west-facing tombs.There was no tripod phenomenon in the bronze tombs in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty.There are also some differences: The Dahekou cemetery was dominated by burials with upright limbs,and the Hengshui cemetery had a high proportion of burials and martyrs.In conclusion,the Dahekou Cemetery included at least 6 groups of cultural components,and the Hengshui Cemetery included 5 groups of cultural components.The similarities between the two cemeteries were greater than the differences.These cemeteries should be different countries of the same ethnic origin,but not the "Jiu Zong surnamed Huai" in Jin.Part Ⅴ studied the Qiaobei、Xiguan、Xi Nancheng cemeteries.The second stage of the first phase of Fushanqiao Cemetery dated from the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty.The second period included sections 3,4,5,6,7,8,and 9 in the cemetery.Sections 3 and 4 were the early and late sections of the late Western Zhou Dynasty.Sections 5,6,7,and 8 corresponded to the early and mid-Spring and Autumn sections respectively.The 9th segment was the early part of the late Spring and Autumn Period.The age of the pottery unearthed in the cemetery extended from the Yin Ruins period to the early part of the late Spring and Autumn Period,and lacks the remains of the early and middle Western Zhou Dynasty.The cultural composition of the cemetery included 4groups.The early remains included four types: Shang style,Zhou style,Aboriginal and fusion.The influence of Shang culture was obvious.In the later period,Zhou and aboriginal artifacts were mainly used,and the cultural features are unified.This article analyzed the connotation of the cemetery in the southwest of Xiguan of Licheng and the Xi Nancheng combined with the literature research,considered that the two places are the remains of Li,the cultural composition was mainly the Zhou culture,and the influence of the Shang culture was also obvious.The Tsinghua Document indicated that Zhou people and Li were consistent.The study of Part Ⅵ were divided into two section: the cemeteries which concluded the Dangducemetery、Feng Jiapo cemetery and so on,and the residential sites which concluded Shangma location、Yicheng Gucheng location and so on.There were scattered materials about these sites.Through staging judgment and connotation analysis of remains,the article considered that Shangma residence site and Qucun residence site were the closest in nature,while the distance between Yicheng Former City residence site and Qucun Village was relatively far.Moreover,the cemetery of Xinjiangfeng Guzhuang should be the remains of the Jin state,and the Sanjiao of Jishan should be the remains of indigenous people.A detailed chronology of these sporadic remains was made according to the ruler of Qucun.Part Ⅶ summarized the research above.In conclusion,the changes of the remains of the Jin Kingdom in the early Zhou Dynasty could be divided into two periods: The first period began in the early early part of the Western Zhou Dynasty and lasted until the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period,in other words,the age of the last group of tombs in the Jinhou Cemetery.The second period was from the early part of the early Spring and Autumn Period to the late part of the Early Spring and Autumn Period.The archaeological remains of the Jin Kingdom had changed significantly during this period.From the perspective of the relics,they had laid the foundation for the emergence of the typical Jin culture.Through two phases of changes,this article summarized the five characteristics of the early Jin culture,which could summarize the changes of the archaeological remains of the Jin state before the typical Jin culture.While analysing the remains of the Jin Dynasty,comparing with Fangdui,Yongningbao,Yicheng Dahekou,Jiangxian Hengshui,Qiaobei Cemetery,Licheng Xiguan,Xinan Cheng,Yicheng Fengjiapo during this period.According to materials,this article considered that there were four obvious cultural communities in southern Shanxi during this period.In the early Spring and Autumn Period,the cultural communities gradually disappeared,and the cultural features tended to be unified.The south Shanxi Archaeological remains study is an important part to Zhou Archaeology study and have important function.