Research On The Dialect Corpus In The Hebei Old Chronicles

Content: This dissertation selects the corpus of dialects recorded in the old local recordsof Hebei Provinceas the research topic.Hebei had a large number of local records compiled before the founding of the People's Republic of China,especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties.These old records have recorded a large amount of dialects corpus.These dialects can reflect the situation of dialects in Hebei at that time to different degrees and are of great value to the study of the history of dialects in Hebei and even the modern Chinese language,so it is necessary to study them.Since the dialect corpus recorded in the old records of Hebei is relatively scattered,it is difficult to collect and study them.At present,although some scholars have done documentary work to collect and organize the dialects corpus recorded in Hebei's local records,most of them have not been well utilized and their value has not been fully explored,except for the dialect corpus recorded in the provincial-level large-scale chronicles such as the General Chronicle of Ji Fu,which has been more fully studied.At present,there are many master's and doctoral dissertations on dialects in Hebei,but those that can make use of the old local records can be considered rare.In addition,there are still some old records of dialects that have not yet been discovered and organized.Therefore,there is still much room for research on the dialect corpus in Hebei.The idea of this dissertation is to compile the corpus based on the existing research results,and then to make a comprehensive study of the dialects corpus contained in the old local records in terms of style and content,and then to make several thematic studies on the two richest contents of the dialects corpus in the old local records of Hebei,namely,vocabulary and phonology.The dissertation,except for the introduction,is divided into four chapters in the main part.The first chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the dialects collected in the old local records of Hebei from several aspects,including the location and the contents of the recordeddialects.Chapterstwo to four are devoted to the most richly documented old records of the dialect corpus,which are related to the lexical and phonological aspects of the dialects.The second chapter is a thematic study of the lexical dialect corpus recorded in the old local records of Hebei from several points,including the organization and inclusion of dialects vocabularies,the content of the dialects lexical corpus and the fixed words recorded.The third and fourth chapters are devoted to the study of the Kangxi version of the Lingshou County Chronicle and the Daoguang version of the Wanquan County Chronicle.Compared with other similar materials recorded in the old records of Hebei,the dialectal materials recorded in these two old chronicles are relatively systematic and can reflect more of the characteristics of the local dialects' pronunciation at that time,while there is a relatively large time span from the compilation of the book to the present,reflecting both the characteristics of that time and the changes from then to now.At the same time,the Kangxi version of the Lingshou County Chronicle has had a great influence on the compilation of many later dialects of the corpus in chronicles.The study in the four chapters of the dissertation draws the following conclusions.1.A total of 93 old local records with various types of dialects have been collected.In terms of placement,except for a very few oldrecords that set up special dialect volumes to record dialects,most of the books include dialects in the volumes related to customs and folklore and geography.A few of them are included in the miscellany volume at the end of the book.The dialect corpus contained in the old records of Hebei is rich in content,including phonology,vocabulary,dialects overview,etc.A few old records also cover dialects colloquial characters.There are two main types of the dialectal corpus,one is the corpus dedicated to recording the dialects of a certain place,and the other is the sporadic annotations made to some special words when recording lexical materials.Most of the ancient dictionaries take the straight-pronouncing method and the reverse-cut method.After the Qing Dynasty,some of the old dictionaries use the Republican period of the alphabetic notation,and some old records use various tables to carry out homophonic clustering and analogy notation.The old records describing the overview of dialects mainly introduce the characteristics of local dialects,the internal differences of local dialects,etc.The descriptions of local dialects in some old records along the Great Wall in northern Hebei involve the local use of Mongolian,Manchu and other minority languages as well as the conversion of minority languages to Chinese.This is of great historical value for today's study of the contact between Chinese and minority languages along the Great Wall and the ancient and modern changes in the language ecology along the Great Wall.Among the three basic elements of language: phonology,vocabulary,and grammar,the old records of Hebei are very rich in the phonology and vocabulary of dialects,but except for a few old records of the local dialects “?” and “?” suffixes,the old records describing the grammar of dialects are extremely rare,which is also in line with the ancient Chinese academic tradition of attaching importance to phonology and vocabulary,but not to grammar.2.There are 68 kinds of old records with vocabulary materials in Hebei,among which the Republican version of Wei County Chronicle has the most words,667;the Wanli version of Guangping County Chronicle has the least words,only 3.In terms of arrangement style,among the 68 kinds of old records with vocabulary materials collected,31 are collected randomly;37 are classified and arranged either by attributes,content,syllables,or word categories.In addition to the basic content of understanding and analyzing words,it also includes supplementary materials,explanation of word usage,analysis of word derivation,identification of synonyms,explanation of ancient and modern differences in word meanings,analysis of word construction,pointing out customs and habits related to words,and exploring the phonetic relationship between words.The authors of the old records often used the concepts of phonetic transcription and transcription of a sound to explore the phonetic-meaning relationship between dialects and the common language,and between dialects and ancient words.Although some of the old records are not credible due to the varying linguistic standards of the compilers and the complexity of the dialects,there are still many analyses that are of reference value to our research today.The dialects corpus recorded in the old records of Hebei includes not only common words,but also a large number of fixed words in the four-character form.This is very helpful for today's study of similar lexical problems in Hebei dialects.3.Among the old records of Hebei dedicated to dialectal phonetic materials,the Kangxi version of Lingshou County Chronicle and the Daoguang version of Wanquan County Chronicle record more systematic materials and have a certain time span.The Kangxi version of Lingshou County Chronicle reflects the following characteristics of Lingshou dialectal sounds more than 300 years ago.Forinitials,some of the word initials in the second class of the ancient Jian system have been palatalized into [t?][t??][?],and can be respectively pointed to group consonants,the five initials of ancient Yi,Wei,Ying,Yi,and Yun have merged,the full turbid initials have been cleared,and the three groups of vowels of Zhi Zhuang Zhang have merged.In terms of vowels,the end of the ancient entering vowel disappears,and the entering vowel merges with the Yin vowel;Among them,dangjiang's intake of sound and rhyme is combined with Xiaohaoyunhao's effective photography,and some Zeng Geng's intake of sound and rhyme is combined with stop photography and crab photography.Through the intake of sound and rhyme,it is combined with encounter photography,and the Mo rhyme and Mai rhyme photographed by Gengis combined with the good rhyme and all rhyme photographed by Xie.In terms of tones,there is only one flat tone,and the entry tone is retained,but many of the ancient entry words are assigned to other tones,and the specific assignment is that the ancient clear vowel entry words are assigned to the upper tone,the ancient full turbid vowel entry words are assigned to the flat tone,and the ancient secondary turbid entry words are assigned to the upper and depressingtones.The ancient Qing initial andentering vowel character group and the upper tone are consistent with the Yuan Dynasty Zhongyuan Phonology.This reflects a certain extent that the Zhongyuan Phonology's“Qing into the upper” is reflective of the actual situation at that time.From the Kangxi period to the present,some changes have obviously occurred in the dialects of Lingshou,such as the tone,the words that were not pronounced in the Kangxi period are pronounced in the modern Lingshou dialects in the flat tone,and the words that were not pronounced in the Kangxi period are pronounced in the modern Lingshou dialects in the declension.In terms of vowels,some characters in the ancient Gege rhyme were pronounced with round-lipped vowel rhymes in the Kangxi period,while in modern Lingshou dialects they have a ? vowel reading,which may be the result of the influence of strong dialects.The Daoguang version of the Wanquan County Chronicle reflects the following features of the Wanquan dialects of the Daoguang period nearly two hundred years ago.In terms of initials,the initials were not divided into sharp clusters,and the initials of the Jing group merged with the three groups of vowels of Zhi Zhuang Zhang to form a set of vowels,and the full turbid initials had been cleared;in terms of rhymes,the Yang vowels of the three rhyming registers of the Zhonggudang,Jiang,and Xian,lost their rhyme endings and merged with the Yin vowels;the Xianshewere classified into the Jiashe,the Jiangshe were classified into the Jiashe and the Guoshe by the vowels,and the Dangshe were classified into the Guoshe and the Jiashe by the differences in the vowels and the open and closed mouths.At the same time,a few corpora reflect that the Wanquan dialects of the Daoguang period may have appeared in er's rhyme.In terms of tones,the Wanquan dialects of the Daoguang period have only one flat tone,preserving the ancient intonation tones,but many of the ancient intonation characters have been assigned to other tones.From the Daoguang period to the present,some changes have occurred in the Wanquan dialect,the most obvious change being the rhymingsystem.The ancient Gege rhyme and the words sent into the Gege rhyme by some yang sound rhymes throwing at the end of the rhyme are pronounced with a round lip rhyme in the Daoguang version of the Wanquan County Chronicle.However,when its initial is labial,in modern Wanquandialects is pronounced without the rounded-lip [?],which is supposed to be the result of the allophonic effect of the labial consonant on the rounded-lip vowel that follows,and is a relatively common phonetic variation in northern Hebei.In the Daoguang period,the ancient Dangshe were subsumed into Jiashe and Guoshe,but some of them,such as “Zhang”,“Guang” and “Wang” are pronounced in modern Wanquan dialect with [??] [u??] type rhymes.It seems to have changed back again.This is probably the result of the influence of strong dialects.In addition,this dissertation has found 18 previously unorganized dialects contained in old records in the course of the research,which have been punctuated and briefly proofread in this dissertation,and are attached behind the main part.