| The multi-party cooperation system,which originated in Soviet Russia and prevailed in the emerging socialist countries after World War II,is a revolutionary creation in the history of human system civilization and party system.It has taken a road of party system different from that of western countries under the leadership and governance of the Communist Party and the cooperative participation of democratic parties in politics.It has once become a "universal" political phenomenon and a beautiful wind in socialist countries Scenery.However,in the development of socialist system history and governance history,the multi-party cooperation system in different socialist countries has experienced different fate and encounter.On the one hand,with the reverse and drastic changes of socialist reform,the multi-party cooperation system in Eastern European socialist countries has long disappeared,and the multi-party cooperation system in Vietnam and other countries has also been reformed The social and political integration has stopped.On the other hand,China's new party system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation is full of vitality and shows greatadvantages.People can not help but ask what is the background and logic of the once popular multi-party cooperation system in socialist countries,what are the deep-seated reasons behind the different fates of the same system,and how to make the success or failure of the multi-party cooperation system of socialist countries from the rise and fall of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity How to improve the quality and advantages of China's new party system and transform it into the maximum efficiency of governance?It is the purpose and value of this paper toexplore and answer these questions from the perspective of discipline theory.Since the establishment of the first socialist country in the world by Russian October Revolution in 1917,the practice of Party Politics in socialist countries has gone through a hundred years of exploration.In the hundred years of exploration and practice,under the guidance of Marxist party theory,socialist countries have mainly established two types of party systems:one is the ruling party of the Communist Party,the other is the multi-party cooperation under the leadership of the Communist Party.After the victory of the socialist revolution in October,the Bolshevik Party led by Lenin first applied the principle of multi-party cooperation to the construction of socialist political power,creating a precedent of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries.After the victory of World War II,many socialist countries in Eastern Europe and Asia established the multi-party cooperation system under the leadership of the Communist Party in the process of exploring the socialist national road.Due to the different theoretical cognition and practical conditions of multi-party cooperation among the Communist parties of various countries,the development of this system shows great differences.In the Eastern European countries,the multi-party cooperation has been divided and turned several times.From the coalition governments of many countries under the people's democratic system to the multi-party cooperation under the Stalin model,the multi-party cooperation under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party in the four countries,from the slow development in the difficult reform process to the complete transition to the Western multi-party parliamentary system in the late 1980s,its course is tortuous and its lessons are rare in the world.In Asian countries,the development of multi-party cooperation system among North Korea,Vietnam and China is not smooth sailing.Vietnam's multi-party cooperation system died in the middle of the way.Under the influence of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,it turned to the one party ruling system of the Communist Party.China and North Korea persisted in the risk test.With great theoretical courage and responsibility,the Communist Party of China has promoted the creative development of multi-party cooperation in adversity.The practice of multi-party cooperation system from one country to many countries has enriched and developed the types and contents of the world's political party system,and profoundly affected the development process of world party politics.With its unique organizational form,value orientation and activity content,the multi-party cooperation system has contributed to the exploration of the diversity of human political civilization.It is of great significance to review and compare the historical paths of different countries,and to summarize the historical experiences and gains and losses of multi-party cooperation in these countries,so as to enrich the theoretical treasure house of Party building and political power construction in socialist countries,and to further enrich and improve China's new party system.This paper takes the multi-party cooperation system of socialist countries as a whole research object,explains the relevant concepts and theories of the party system from the general principles of party politics,and makes a new excavation of the Marxist party political principle and multi-party cooperation theory.On this basis,from the combination of theory and practice,history and reality,this paper analyzes the historical objectivity and inevitability of socialist countries to choose multi-party cooperation.Through the historical track of the establishment,development,evolution and transformation of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries such as Soviet Russia,Eastern Europe,China and North Korea,this paper analyzes the causes and stage characteristics of their changes from the perspective of vertical comparison;through the horizontal comparison of multi-party cooperation in different socialist countries,it includes the social and historical conditions,theoretical cognition,system subjects,and the establishment of multi-party cooperation By comparing the system and mechanism,the paper explores the generality and individuality,the general law and the special law of the socialist multi-party cooperation system.In the vertical and horizontal comparison,the paper comprehensively summarizes the experience and lessons of the practice of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries,and better understands and grasps the historical mission of Marxist political parties and the basis of creative development of China's new party system on the basis of experience reflection,so as to enhance the system confidence for future development in theadvantages of system comparison.In addition to the introduction and conclusion,the paper is divided into five chapters.The introduction part discusses the background and significance of the topic,defines the related concepts and scope,summarizes the research status at home and abroad,clarifies the research methods,introduces the research ideas and framework structure,and summarizes the innovation and shortcomings of the full text.In the first chapter,starting from the relevant concepts of the party system and the basic principles of Marxism,it clarifies that the multi-party cooperation in socialist countries not only follows the general law of the development of party politics,but also has its own unique occurrence logic and growth mechanism,providing theoretical basis for understanding and observing multi-party cooperation.The second chapter combs the realistic basis for the establishment of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries from the historical position,the influence of international factors,and the political,economic and social conditions faced by various countries.At the beginning of the 20th century,socialism changed from theory to reality,and socialist practice from one country to many countries.The change of world historical conditions and era theme became the premise and foundation of multi-party cooperation.Soviet Russia's creative practice of multi-party cooperation provides rich ideological and political heritage for the establishment and improvement of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries.After the victory of World War ?,the Soviet Union carried out the "coalition government" policy in neighboring countries and within the scope of its ability,which provided an external environment for the establishment of coalition governments in many socialist countries and the development of the multi-party cooperation system led by the Communist Party.The particularity of economic,political and social class structure formed in the transition from economically backward countries to socialism constitutes the social and historical conditions for the formation of multi-party cooperation.From the perspective of historical development,the third chapter combs the practice,development and evolution of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries in three different historical stages:first,from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1920s,the Soviet Union first established a multi-party joint regime,which made valuable exploration and rich development on how to carry out multi-party cooperation under socialist conditions;second,from the mid-20th century to the late 1980s-1990s At the beginning of the s,socialism changed from one country to many countries,and multi-party cooperation was established,developed and met with setbacks in many socialist countries such as Europe and Asia;third,since the early 1990s,the multi-party cooperation system has developed at a new historical starting point.The fourth chapter takes Eastern Europe and Asian countries as examples to compare the social and historical conditions,theoretical cognition,system subject and practical mechanism of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries.Although there are many similarities in the multi-party cooperation in socialist countries due to its qualitative stipulation,the practice of each nation-state will surely bear its own national brand.The historical tradition,national characteristics,class power balance,domestic social contradictions and revolutionary tasks of each nation-state determine that this system presents different characteristics in different countries.Through comparison,it further highlights the unique advantages of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China as a new party system and its historical and cultural logic.At the same time,it also explains the multiple complex causes behind similar systems and different fates.The fifth chapter analyzes and summarizes the different fates of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries,the reasons behind the success and failure,the experience and lessons,and the practical enlightenment for the future development of China's new party system.Summing up experience,looking at the present and facing the future,China's new political party system can constantly surpass itself,surpass all the old party systems and lead the development of world party politics only when we are in the tide of modernization and democratization,correctly handle the relationship between inheritance and innovation,nationality and modernity,and absorb and learn from the achievements of human system civilization in an open and inclusive manner.Through the above research,this paper mainly discusses and clarifies the following core points:1.As a new type of political party system,the multi-party cooperation system in socialist countries is rooted in the historical development logic that the old party must give way to the new party,and develops in the practice of socialist state construction,political power construction and democratic political construction.As a specific form of democratic politics,the multi-party cooperation system in socialist countries answers and discusses the relationship and mode of interaction between political parties and other political elements in the process of obtaining,participating and taking charge of state power in a certain political system.Especially the relationship between the ruling proletarian party and the state power,other political parties and society in the national political life.The leadership of the Communist Party and multi-party cooperation are the typical characteristics of this system.The birth of the proletarian party and its relationship with other political parties are the historical and logical starting point of the system.Marxist party theory,united front theory,democratic theory and political power construction theory are the theoretical sources of the multi-party cooperation system in socialist countries.2.The system of multi-party cooperation in socialist countries must have many similarities because of its qualitative provisions,but the practice of each national country will certainly have its own national brand.The multi-party cooperation system in different countries presents different system forms and operating mechanisms.These vivid and specific characteristics just reveal the development logic of the unity of the origin and form diversity,universality and nationality,generality and particularity of the socialist party political value.With its unique organizational form,value orientation and activity content,the multi-party cooperation system has enriched and developed the types and contents of the world's political party system,and has made contributions to the exploration of the diversity of human political civilization.3.From the Soviet Union's first start to take root in many socialist countries,from the vivid practice of exploring the socialist national road to the stereotyped Stalin model,from the difficult progress in the reform to the final encounter of major setbacks,the Communist Party of many countries lost its ruling position,the development process of the multi-party cooperation system is difficult and tortuous,and the fate and destination of the multi-party cooperation system are very different The following lessons are drawn:first,adhering to independence is the basic requirement for the existence and development of multi-party cooperation system;second,adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party is the prerequisite for the existence and development of multi-party cooperation system;third,correctly handling the relationship with democratic parties is the key element for the existence and development of multi-party cooperation system;fourth,the effectiveness of socialist construction is a measure of multi-party cooperation system Primary criteria.If we violate these laws,multi-party cooperation system will encounter great setbacks and even ruin.Only by following these laws can multi-party cooperation system gain permanent vitality.4.With great theoretical courage and responsibility,the Communist Party of China has promoted the creative development of the multi-party cooperation system in adversity.Facts have proved that it is not that multi-party cooperation is not suitable for "socialism",but to what extent the system adapts to the basic national conditions of the country where it is located.In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics,we must adhere to the unity of Chinese characteristics and political civilization of political parties,promote the modernization of national governance with the modernization of multi-party cooperation system,adhere to the unity of the party's leadership and people's democracy,consolidate the party's ruling position with the construction of multi-party cooperation system,and promote the development of democratic politics We should adhere to the unity of value form and system effectiveness,highlight the advantages of socialist system with Chinese characteristics by the effectiveness of multi-party cooperation system,adhere to the unity of system self-confidence and comprehensive deepening of reform,and open up a new realm of socialism with Chinese characteristics with multi-party cooperation system innovation. |
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