Study On The Welfare Of Rural Left-behind Children From The Perspective Of Welfare Governance

As an accompanying group of migrant workers in the process of urbanization and modernization,left-behind children in rural areas were initially paid attention to as a by-product of "three rural issues",and were mainly focused on their "social problems".Compared with non-left-behind children with sound family structure,rural left-behind children are indeed at a disadvantage due to separation from their parents.As the citizens of the future society,the realization and protection of their various rights and interests cannot be faced by rural left-behind children and their families alone.So the government and society need to support them.Therefore,we can respond to and solve the problems that migrant workers leave their children in the countryside from the perspective of child welfare policies.There have been many studies on rural left-behind children and children's welfare at home and abroad,but on the whole,the current research mainly has the following deficiencies:Firstly,research on welfare and child welfare focuses more on objective welfare systems and conditions.There is almost no research focusing on the subjective welfare of rural left-behind children,and there are few studies that integrate objective and subjective welfare of rural left-behind children.Secondly,there are few studies on the welfare of rural left-behind children that combine quantitative and qualitative research.From the perspective of welfare governance theory,this study investigates children's welfare from two dimensions of objective welfare and subjective welfare,and explores the current situation of objective and subjective welfare of rural left-behind children from the perspective of comparison with non-left-behind children,especially the role of different subjects such as state,community,voluntary organization and family in the welfare provision of rural left-behind children.Meanwhile,it reveals the influence mechanism of promotion of subjective welfare.This study adopts the mixed research method of quantitative and qualitative.Quantitative research mainly reveals the relationship between objective welfare and subjective welfare through statistical analysis based on large-scale survey data.Qualitative research is to analyze the current situation of the objective welfare access of rural left-behind children,and meanwhile to analyze the current situation and difficulties of different subjects providing welfare for rural left-behind children.Therefore,it provides policy basis for comprehensively improving the welfare level of rural left-behind children.Taking LY County of Shandong Province as an example,the survey samples of this study are obtained through stratified sampling,and the interviewees of this study are obtained through snowball sampling.This study constructs five hypotheses about objective welfare,subjective welfare and their relationship on the basis of previous studies.We verified the research hypotheses through the statistical techniques.The study found that:the subjective welfare of rural left-behind children is significantly lower than that of non-left-behind children,but there is no difference in the subjective welfare within rural left-behind children.In terms of the content of welfare access,the life welfare and health welfare of rural left-behind children are lower than that of non-left-behind children.However,there is no difference in educational welfare between the two groups.In terms of the way of obtaining welfare,capital welfare and protective service welfare of the rural left-behind children are significantly lower than that of the non-left-behind children,while there is no difference between the two groups in terms of caring service welfare.The welfare of the rural left-behind children from the core family and extended family is significantly lower than that of the non-left-behind children,while there is no difference between the two groups in the benefits obtained from the state,community and voluntary organizations.The objective welfare of rural left-behind children affects their subjective welfare,and the welfare provision of different subjects affects the objective welfare of rural left-behind children.Finally,we find that the welfare provision of different subjects affects their subjective welfare through welfare acquisition.On the basis of quantitative research,this study does qualitatively analysis on the welfare of rural left-behind children from diffenent subjects,which interviewing with individuals of rural left-behind children,personnel related to rural left-behind children and staff of relevant government departments.The conclusion is as follows:the welfare needs of rural left-behind children have not been well met.It is difficult for different subjects to form synergy in the welfare provision of rural left-behind children.This study analyzes the difficulties of the main welfare providers in the welfare supply of rural left-behind children,and we found that the core family are facing the welfare supply dilemma of "material presence and lack of family affection".The extended family are facing the supply dilemma of "spare heart but lack of strength".Rural communities are facing with the dilemma of hollowing out and the public affairs of village committees are too complex to take care of the left-behind children in rural areas.Voluntary organizations are facing with weak overall strength and individual volunteers are difficult to play an effective role.The state is facing with the dilemma of welfare transformation and unclear division of responsibilities and difficulty in integration among various functional departments.The deep-seated reasons for this dilemma are following:The rural left-behind children group is the result of the duality of the non-agricultural production model of rural families in the transitional period and the current urban public service policy,which has exceeded the scope of a single migrant worker family.The national moderately inclusive child welfare policy emphasizes cash subsidies and neglects service guarantees,which make it difficult to meet the needs of rural left-behind children,and various functional departments lack effective coordination mechanisms driven by their own interests.The status of the village community "emphasizing administration and neglecting service" makes it difficult for rural communities to play a platform role in the welfare provision of rural left-behind children.The decline of rural public culture has made communities lack the spirit of mutual assistance and cohesion.Social organizations are in an unequal cooperative relationship with the government,and they have strong economic and administrative dependence on government departments,which affects their welfare delivery effects.In view of the difficulties and reasons of different subjects in the welfare provision of rural left-behind children,this research has carried out policy thinking on the welfare provision of rural left-behind children.Firstly,we need to build children welfare policy system with precise support,it must be based on the principle of needs satisfaction and the realization of rights.Secondly,we should formulate family policies to protect children's welfare.According to the theoretical basis and practical orientation of the role of family in the protection of children's welfare,we can build child-friendly family policies to protect the welfare provision of rural left behind children.Thirdly,we should improve the welfare provision mechanism of diversified subjects.It is necessary to implement the leading responsibility of the government welfare provision and the main responsibility of family welfare provision.Playing well the platform role of rural communities in the provision of children welfare and the transmission role of schools in the provision of children welfare.Encouraging and guiding voluntary organizations and the public to play the intermediary role in welfare provision.Finally,we should promote the balanced provision of children welfare with the coordinated development of urban and rural areas.We should rely on the new urbanization to help the welfare of rural left-behind children and take the rural revitalization as an opportunity to benefit children welfare.There are some innovations in the research contents,research methods and research perspectives.From the research contents,this study adopts the concept of generalized welfare.In addition to learning from the previous research on the objective welfare of rural left-behind children,it also discusses the subjective welfare of rural left-behind children,that is we discuss the overall welfare of rural left-behind children.From the research methods,by combining quantitative research with qualitative research,this study not only reveals the relationship between objective welfare and subjective welfare,but also discusses the situation of welfare access of rural left-behind children and the situation and dilemma of welfare supply of different subjects.Theirfore,we can comprehensively explore the overall welfare of rural left-behind children.From the research perspective,this study not only discusses the construction of rural left-behind children's welfare policy system,but also discusses the welfare provision mechanism of multiple subjects.