Social Management In Song Dynasty And Its Enlightenment To Modern Social Governance

As General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out,"Over the course of thousands of years of history,the Chinese nation has created a splendid ancient civilization and formed rich thoughts on state institutions and governance.In the course of thousands of years of civilization,China has accumulated rich experience and practice in state governance and social management.The society of Song Dynasty was in the transition period of the development of China's feudal society.There were important changes and developments in politics,economy,culture and other fields,and its social management also presented a unique aspect.In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties,after the social chaos,feudalism and moral corruption,the rulers of the Song Dynasty took "emphasizing literature and suppressing military power" as the basic state policy.On the one hand,they strictly controlled the military power and tried to establish a highly centralized feudal state.On the other hand,the focus of national governance was shifted to the domestic,with economic and cultural development as the main line,with consolidation of imperial power and maintenance of social order as the fundamental purpose,and with the help of literati,officials and local gentry,social management was strengthened through various means,especially the control of local grass-roots society.The social management in Song Dynasty is characterized by diversification,openness and emphasis on education.It inherits the basic measures of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the new management style of Yuan and Ming Dynasties.It takes the prosperity of cultural governance as the basic opportunity to pay attention to the internal value orientation of management and the way of checks and balances.Specifically,the social management of the Song Dynasty was deeply affected by the national policy of cultural governance,and the civil officials became the spokesmen of the imperial power and the main body of local social management.On the one hand,scholar-officials tried their best to integrate what they had learned all their lives into the social management thought.Their profound knowledge and skills made the social management thought colorful and diversified,and showed more flexible space and flexibility in the management process.On the other hand,the reuse of civil officials and the suppression of Wu officials made the Song Dynasty finally formed a social management pattern of internal strength and external weakness.At the same time,the development of feudal commodity economy produced no small social demand,which promoted the continuous innovation of social management concept and practice to meet the needs of social change.Finally,under the joint action of the two,under the strong advocacy of scholar-officials,the Song Dynasty realized the reconstruction of management concept and the practice of social reform,which made its own contribution to the development of feudal social management,and also left precious historical wealth for the modern social governance.Under the dual impact of feudal commodity economy and external weakness,the social problems in Song Dynasty emerged in an endless stream and presented a complicated appearance.One of the major changes in the social development of Song Dynasty was the change of land system.The land management policy of "not restrains the annexation" has brought a series of social problems.Bureaucrats and aristocrats and rich businessmen are crazy about annexing land,which leads to the polarization of the rich and the poor,the disorderly rural personal management and the continuous land disputes,etc.which has become the difficulty of social management.The development of feudal commodity economy in the Song Dynasty also produced a "double-edged sword" effect.Under the background of economy full of vitality,people gradually tore off the "tender veil" for the benefit of the competition.No matter the dignitaries or ordinary people,in the face of money,do not give in,so that The Times go down,between brothers for the sake of family property turned against each other,between neighbors for the sake of interest disputes,marriage has also become a bargaining chip,is the means of gaining power.The wind of enjoyment pervades different social classes.Scholars and officials feast all day long,and dance and dance with silk,bamboo and bamboo constantly.The rich and powerful people dress extravagantly and arrogate their fashion,and even the common people follow the trend and compare with each other.In front of complex social contradictions and social problems,the song dynasty literary intelligentsia class can give full play to the management,through the construction of clan,Dan shape,mainly means such as religious indoctrination,supplemented by an law imperial,eventually form a heavy heart,to filial piety,integrity,cultivate one's morality atmosphere of social management,to consolidate the imperial power,the fundamental aim of maintaining social order.In the Song Dynasty,clan organization developed in the form of small clan.By means of cemetery clan burial,alphabetical arrangement of generations,clan organization and Yi Zhuang,clan organization and other means,the clan within the fifth generation was connected together,and the clan cohesion was enhanced and the people were united by blood relationship.Clan management is also one of the main means of grass-roots governance.Under the banner of revitalizing the clan,scholar-officials purged the order,gathered people's minds,spread the idea of the court,and maintained local public order by virtue of their local authority and rights as officials.At the same time,the Song Dynasty was also the period of the prosperity and development of family instruction.The literati and officials were deeply influenced by the traditional Confucian thoughts.Starting from the cultivation of personal virtues,they reshaped the family style and readjusted the standard and order of family management.Family management is the embodiment of the communication between "family" and "country" in the traditional society.Only by regulating the family can we govern the country and then make peace with the world,which is also one of the essence of Neo-Confucianism thought formed in the Southern Song Dynasty.Scholars and officials connected family governance with state governance,combined the concept of family governance with state governance,and used it to deal with the relationship between people and society and between people in social management,in order to realize the benign governance of the society.Religion was one of the main means of enlightenment in feudal society.In the Song Dynasty,religious belief,as a means of local governance and education,gradually completed the process of transformation from folk belief to official belief,and realized the personification of gods and goddess.In essence,it was the expression of the needs of the emperor and the demands of the people.At the same time,the integration and development of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty made the development of religion more characteristic of the common people,and the ruling class duly seized the opportunity to turn religion into a tool to maintain the feudal rule and implement social management.Social relief is the last barrier to stabilize the social order.Social relief in the Song Dynasty also developed further on the basis of the previous generation,covering the old,weak,medical,poor,funeral,education and other aspects.In addition to the official relief policy,civil forces were also widely involved,which became an important link in the process of social management in the Song Dynasty.Finally,under the background of "Morality as the main part,Penalty as the secondary part" in feudal society,the imperial edict of Song Dynasty became an important supplement to local social governance,which made mandatory norms on some crucial areas involving the court and laid the final bottom line for social management."Serve the past for the present" is the starting point and foothold of the text.The purpose of studying social governance in the Song Dynasty is to sort out the spirit and practice of traditional Chinese governance,discard the dross and select the essential,and provide a useful reference for realizing the modernization of social governance.Song dynasty the modern value of social governance is to establish cultural confidence as a fundamental,explore the excellent traditional culture in the modern social governance effect and function,in the feudal society management "DE moralized" big background,the excavation of the ethical and moral management in song dynasty's social management functions,explore its in resolving disputes,purify the social atmosphere,solidarity at the grass-roots level,perfect social assistance,community for the construction of the new era of social governance,which is a reference for social good governance.