The Characteristics Of Social Mobility In China:Connotations,Causes And Measures

Social Mobility refers to the position change of social members in the Geospatial Structure(population mobility)and the Stratum Structure(stratum mobility).For the society,social mobility is an important form of stratum structure optimization;for the personality,social mobility is the key mechanism for them to improve stratum condition or change stratum type.Social mobility with dual attributes of public and individual constitutes one of the basic components of social development,and is the key perspective to interpret politic and society.According to the basic principle of FJH hypothesis,the mode of social mobility is determined by the structure of social division of labor and the stage of development.From the basic principle of FJH hypothesis,the mode of Social Mobility is determined by the structure of Work Structure and the stage of Social Development.Under the background of "superposition of two modernizations",it is of theoretical and practical value to describe and explain the characteristics and laws of social mobility in the process of social transformation.To interpret the social class relations,Marxist Paradigm and Weber Paradigm are two different theoretical logic.For Social Mobility,Marxist Paradigm focuses on the change of social members' position in urban-rural structure and industrial structure,which is a kind of structural social mobility;Weber Paradigm focuses on the change of social members' position in an orderly social status system,which is an index social flow.In the period of social transformation,structural social mobility logic is more suitable for the formation of an effective interpretation of the fundamental changes in China.From the perspective of historical changes,China's structural social mobility model has undergone such changes as restrictive stage,distinctive stage and empowerment stage.This historical process is a trend of weakening the role of institutional blockade,while the role of institutional support is increasingly showing.At the same time,the role of individual initiative of social members is increasingly strengthening.The changes of China's social mobility model are manifested as the diversification in social mobility paths and the non-farming in social mobility opportunities.With the expanding scale of social mobility,the defect of intergovernmental relationship model in social mobility is becoming more and more obvious.The particularity of China's social mobility is embodied in three basic characteristics: macro,meso and micro.At the macro level,from the combing and comparison of the relevant studies at home and abroad,China's social mobility highlights the developmental characteristics of social transformation and government-led.At the same time,the change of urban-rural relations and the strengthening of the dynamic role are important clues to the change of social mobility model.On the medium level,from the statistical data of social members' movement in urban-rural structure,industrial structure and regional structure,it can be seen that the meanings of population flow and stratum flow coincide,the results of structural social mobility coincide with index social flow,and the times coincidence of rural-urban social flow and urban social flow,which are the important characteristics of China's current social flow.At the micro level,rural-urban social mobility,as the mainstream form of current social mobility in China,can be divided into three types: Root-based Social Mobility,Disembedding Social Mobility and Developmental Social Mobility.According to the data of Chinese General Social Survey(2015),the proportion of the three forms of rural-urban social mobility is 45.15%,39.87% and 11.54%(other forms account for 3.43%).This constitutes the basic meaning of the particularity of social mobility in China.The basic cause of the particularity of social mobility in China lies in the fact that China is currently in a period of social transformation.The migration of social members from rural society to urban society and from agricultural production to non-agricultural industries is an inevitable concomitant phenomenon in the process of modernization.However,the large base of rural population and the basic national conditions of large population and small land determine the long-term nature of the above transformation process,and the coexistence of developmental urban-rural dual structure and institutional urban-rural dual structure makes the above transformation process complex.The difference of industrial layout between regions and the gradient pattern of public service level make the population flow as well with the attribute of stratum mobility.This constitutes the structural cause of China's social mobility pattern.From an individual's point of view,mobility to urban society and non-agricultural industries can improve their class situation.After the founding of the people's Republic of China,especially after the reform and opening up,the improvement of the level of agricultural mechanization in China has released the potential of agricultural labor force for industrial transfer;with the development of social mobility itself,the contradictory transformation from "entering the city" to "integrating the demand of the city" has produced the public demand of the citizenization of the agricultural transfer population.However,the population capacity and mobility opportunities of urban society have not been able to reduce the scale of social mobility in China,and mobility in the form of informal employment has become the dynamic choice of China's floating population.In the specific process of social mobility,the widening gap between the rich and the poor and the gap in social capital have a substantial impact on the mobility of different social groups.However,the relatively reasonable level of the gap between the rich and the poor and the plastic attribute of the trust culture provide a space for the dynamic spirit of the members of the society.However,the gap between urban and rural allocation of basic education resources weakens the ability of rural social members to obtain high-quality mobility opportunities,which puts forward the substantive demand for the Chinese government to strengthen the function of social equity.It is the basic task for academic to summarize the current pattern of social mobility in China.In this regard,some media and scholars tend to interpret the stratum curing,and make the stratum solidifying become a "hot label" of the current social mobility in China.As a concentrated revelation of the current problems in social mobility,the proposition of stratum solidification has some value.However,this proposition also has the tendency of exaggerating the social risk or amplifying the social problems;at the same time,it has the dual defects of theory and fact.Therefore,it is feasible and reasonable to take the Change of Social Mobility Cost as a comprehensive summary of the current social mobility situation in China.Because,with the process of political and economic reform,such as the household registration system,the cost of social members crossing institutional barriers has been reduced.At the same time,the construction of service-oriented government and the construction of the New Type of Urbanization would improve the right guarantee of social mobility,but,it also increases the cost of providing public services by the government and other subjects.From the perspective of the Change of Social Mobility Cost,to ensure a smooth and fair social mobility mechanism requires the government,society,individuals and other multiple subjects to share the cost of social mobility.This has become the meaning of the problem with mobile social governance.The Transformation of Government Functions is an important clue to the change of social mobility mechanism in China.For example,the changes in the scope of Government Functions,such as the relationship between the Government and the Market,the relationship between the Government and the Society,and the relationship between the Government and the Individual,have resulted in changes in social mobility opportunities and the effectiveness of the mobility path.In the new era,the optimization of the governance mechanism of Mobile Society should also focus on the transformation of government functions: strengthening Social Functions and optimizing the Responsibility System from the dimension of Government Function System;from the dimension of state and social relations to establish the government boundary and construction for the government;from the dimension of the change of urban-rural relations to highlight the responsibility of the government and promote the integration of urban and rural.