Study On The Transition Of China's International Development Cooperation From The Perspective Of Needs Of Nations

How to coordinate the realization of different levels of nations' needs internally and externally during international development cooperation? This thesis is focused on this key question.Under the current conditions,resolving this problem is of practical significance,and of theoretical implication as well.Turning to be a modern power is the goal to be achieved by China in 2050 from the perspective of development strategy.China has obtained great economic achievements,which confirms the faith of Chinese people,either domestically or overseas,in making the objective of modernization come true in years.However,there are various challenges posed for China's development at present.Within such a background,it can be a foundation laid by clarifying the leading position of modernization,which would guide the transition of China's international development cooperation,and provide the framework along with objectives for studying China's international development cooperation theoretically in the new era.To this end,this study applies Maslov's hierarchy of needs theory with flexibility into constructing an original theoretical framework of hierarchy of nations' needs.After that,the framework would be applied in terms of interpreting the process and advancement of China's international development cooperation since its founding,based on this historical analysis,there are new challenges and realistic problems that confronted by China to be explored,coupled with approaches those are of feasibility to be put forward.In aspect of constructing analytical framework,this study measures the constructing property of nations from the perspective of human.Combining with historical context,context of times and cultural context respectively,it can be inferred that there are three categories of national personality,namely power-oriented personality,interest-oriented personality and moral-oriented personality.Given that nations are constructed to take possession of multiple personality,it indicates that nations play the part as a complex composed by a symbol of sovereignty,an integration of interests and an institution with human concern.Therefore,national behaviors tend to be observed suitably with constrained by multiple factors,and they can also externalize nations' basic needs.Human have multiple needs,it is the same with nations to a certain degree,concerning the discussion on such a generality between human and nations,it is of plausibility to analyze nations' needs in an analogical way,which is the presupposition of applying Maslov's hierarchy of needs theory creatively.Accordingly,nations' hierarchical needs contain sovereignty needs,development needs,international responsibility needs and national modernization needs.Connotations of these multiple-level needs vary from times,events,nations and situations.On the positive conversion of needs,the latter needs turns into the priority need conditional on the realization of the former needs,whereas,in specific situations,the possibility appears that lower level needs substitute high-level needs through reversion.In the situation of international socialization,how do nations adjust their own needs and how do different nations make a compromise in reconciling each others' needs,these questions fall in the scope of the research on international interactions and coordination of nations' needs,which constitutes the basic architecture and main content of this study.Specifically to the case selection,this section primarily emphasizes on elaborating the process and transition of China's international development cooperation.Viewing the Reform and Opening-up policy as the cut-off point of time,there is a historical turn,influenced by perceiving times,choosing paths and assimilating norms,in the progress of China's international development cooperation,in which priority needs have witnessed adjustments,from the sovereign need to the development need.Currently,since the escalation of Sino-US competition,the worldwide outbreak of COVID-2019 and the development pattern awaits to be reshaped urgently,China has entered a new era when different levels of nations' needs are required to be taken into account,hence China's international development cooperation remains to be transited.In the new era,China's international development cooperation transits under multiple pressures.As is known,COVID-2019 has triggered a global public crisis,consequently,the world sees dramatic transformation in the midst of a century of power transfer with increasing uncertainties,and there is a combination of counter globalization and epidemic populism.Shocked by those changes,difficulties grow with the evolution of the new multilateral order.Confronted with this complex environment,China is in the same situation as other developing countries,not only suffering from outside doubts about the status as a developing country,but also emerging under pressures from the international development competitions.In addition to the dynamics of environmental uncertainties,controversy of developing country identity and external challenges of competitive diversification,there are some problems that remain to be tackled during the transition of China's international development cooperation.First of all,excessive attentions from outside have been drawn to aggregate economic development indicators,which may interfere with the rational understanding of modernization that acts as the national optimal goal.The degree of development imbalance that has existed for a long time in history has increased dramatically,which can not only hinder the adjustment of national development models,but also constitute a limitation on improving the level of international development cooperation.Domestic and overseas interests are artificially demarcated,which tends to rigidize the national strategic distribution of long-term interests.In short,many a factors make it difficult to agree upon China's development needs by keeping pace with the times.Secondly,the nation's own perception of multiple-level needs meets with misplacement.Limited by subjective and objective determinants,the differentiation that follows separating domestic needs from international needs is greater than taking the overall situation into consideration.Affected by public opinions at home and abroad,international responsibility need and international status need win disproportional attentions.Due to the macro-setting of target,the national optimal need,realizing modernization,is not sufficiently correlated with those at other levels.Thirdly,the international community gives inadequate recognition for China's needs.While the outside is concerned about China's rapid growth,there are doubts about multilateral development initiatives.The lack of voice in the international institutions is a common problem faced by developing countries.Although expanding from bilateral interaction to multilateral participation,national diplomacy lacks of the social basis.Finally,the realization of the nation's diversified needs is in shortage of the institutional safeguard.There is a tension between the long-term continuation of China's concessional international development cooperation's principles and practices and the mainstream international development discourse system,few mature responses come out in coping with this issue so far.In the concept and mechanism of management,the newly established professional agency remains to be strengthened through capability-building.Established experiences constrain choices that made for approaches of multilateral cooperation.To promote the cautious transition of China's international development cooperation in the new era,there are concrete measures to be considered.Firstly,for identifying development needs,quality assessment of development can be created based on scientific acquaintance with actual situations;improvement of human resources stock can be balanced in different regions with the orientation of sustainable development;China's interests can be expanded based on the connection between interests at home and abroad;a constant force that acts in an appropriate way can be cultivated based on specializing in endogenous needs.Secondly,with regards consolidating multiple needs,the need for international responsibility should be integrated into sustainable development in a timely and appropriate manner;both of the maintenance of sovereign integrity and holding tight of development needs should act as a prerequisite for adjusting the need for international status;both of the national rational development and the difficulty of standing as one of great powers can be used to improve the reasonable understanding of the status of developing countries domestically and internationally.Thirdly,in order to raise international recognition of nations' needs,pragmatic cooperation can dispel doubts;On the premise of applying the law of discourse diffusion,multilateral discourses can be enhanced with effectiveness;illusions can be eliminated with actual interactions through international organizations;international public diplomacy can be performed by taking climate change and epidemic response as the entry points.Fourthly,in creating and transforming institutions to realize national multiple needs,part of international development norms can be absorbed in a creative way;in the light of the existing conditions,all-round impact evaluation concerning international development cooperation can be conducted;Combining capabilities and timing,promoting the institutionalization of tripartite cooperation is in need;coupled with the knowledge of domestic and international mechanisms,it is crucial to improve the capacity of resisting risks in international competitions.Taken together,these approaches would help China to make steady progress towards achieving the target of modernization through transiting the international development cooperation.