A Study On The Evolution Of The Spatio-temporal Patterns Of Bottom-line Welfare Level In Yunnan Province

At present,the level of welfare has become an important indicator of a country's degree of development and national happiness.Welfare and its related systems are about the balance between efficiency and equity,the allocation and flow of factor capital,people's well-being and social stability.People's perception of social welfare depends not only on their absolute income but also,to a greater extent,on their relative income.Through a properly designed social welfare system,it is possible for all welfare recipients in different regions to enjoy social welfare equitably,especially to achieve a balanced level of bottom-line welfare.Therefore,the issue of welfare geography and bottom-line equity has objectively attracted widespread attention from academics at home and abroad,and has become a frontier and hot spot in human geography research.It is of theoretical and practical significance to measure the welfare level of a certain region,especially the bottom-line welfare level,to analyse the evolution of its spatial and temporal patterns and the factors influencing it,and to propose paths to enhance it,in order to enrich the theory of welfare geography,to achieve coordinated and sustainable regional development,and to improve people's livelihood and enhance their sense of well-being and access.This paper focuses on the evolution of the spatial and temporal patterns of the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province and the factors influencing it,based on the interdisciplinary perspectives of geography,sociology and economics.The article presents a systematic analysis of the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province through literature research,field research,ArcGIS and GeoDa spatial analysis,mathematical statistics and the "6W3H" welfare geography method.The article proposes a research paradigm of bottom-line welfare geography;sorts out the temporal evolution of the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province;constructs an evaluation index system of the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province;analyses the characteristics and main influencing factors of the evolution of the temporal and spatial patterns of the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province from the bottom-line welfare and the three sub-dimensions of subsistence welfare,health welfare and education welfare;proposes some countermeasures and suggestions for the balanced development of the temporal and spatial patterns of the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province.The main findings of the study are as follows.(1)From 2009 to 2018,the level of bottom-line welfare and sub-dimensions of subsistence welfare,health welfare and education welfare in Yunnan Province as a whole has been improving and the growth rate has been gradually decreasing.The overall score is ranked as: Survival Welfare >Bottom-line Welfare > Education Welfare > Health Welfare,and the average annual growth rate is ranked as: Health Welfare > Survival Welfare > Bottom-line Welfare > Education Welfare.Since the implementation of the precise poverty alleviation policy in 2013,all types of welfare as a whole reached the medium and above welfare level in 2015.(2)From 2009 to 2018,the coefficient of variation of bottom-line welfare and sub-dimensional subsistence welfare,health welfare and education welfare levels in Yunnan Province fluctuated and decreased,with regional differences gradually narrowing and the development trend of equalisation becoming significant.Kunming has a high degree of primacy,while Zhaotong,Nujiang and Diqing have a high degree of primacy at the bottom.(3)In the four time periods of 2009,2012,2015 and 2018,the spatial and temporal patterns of bottom-line welfare and sub-dimensions of subsistence welfare,health welfare and education welfare in Yunnan Province evolved with remarkable regularity,with the temporal structure showing a phased and balanced character,the spatial structure decreasing around the core and subcore areas,and the type structure changing from "pyramidal" to "olive".(4)Under the four time sections of 2009,2012,2015 and 2018,the global autocorrelation of the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province is weak and fluctuates downwards,while the local autocorrelation shows obvious cold hotspots,the overall pattern is relatively stable,but there are adjustments in the local pattern.There is a solidifying effect of "hot spots are always hot,cold spots are always cold".(5)The main factors influencing the evolution of the spatial and temporal patterns of bottomline welfare in Yunnan Province can be summarised as follows: the basic role of geographical environment,the supporting role of resource endowment,the leading role of national policies,the decisive role of economic development,the key role of human capital and the guarantee role of basic public services.(6)The paths for improving the bottom-line welfare level in Yunnan Province are discussed,including: the "6W3H" welfare geography approach to achieve "welfare equilibrium" and "welfare security",the construction of The new mechanism for coordinated and sustainable development of the province's regions,promoting the shift from "expanding" to "improving" the quality of subsistence welfare,changing the "shortcomings in the bottom line" of health welfare,and promoting The five aspects of education welfare are to move from "basic balance" to "quality balance".