Research On The Changes Of The Physical Education Policy In China(1904-2014)

Physical education policy stipulates the nature,tasks,management practices and operational mechanism of school physical education.However,there is a lack of systematic academic research on the physical education policy in the past century.Through the analysis of the policy changes in the past century,this paper presents the history and characteristics of the development of physical education under different historical conditions,enriches the contents of the study of physical education policy in our country,provides the basis for studying the regularities of school physical education changes,and provides experience for physical education management.This paper uses the method of literature,expert interview,policy text analysis,historical analysis and case study;though multiple streams theory study the process,content,characteristics and motivations of physical education policy changes in China over the past 100 years.The conclusions are as follows:1.Over the hundred years,China's physical education organization and management institutions set gradually improved,and the management gradually standardized.With the main leading of modern education,sports,health and other state administrative departments,with the assistant of relevant physical education institution,the consultation and guidance organizations,and the physical education associations,physical education organization and management system gradually formed,constitute a solid foundation for the introduction of our physical education policy.2.In the late Qing Dynasty,with the rapid establishment of schools and educational management systems at all levels,the physical education curriculum and teaching were also gradual establishment on the modeled of Japan.The physical education policy system was beginning to take shape and emphasize the establishment of mechanism,that the policy content clear and simple,but there is no corresponding assessment requirement.Lost in the war,“Western learning spreads to the East ",the demonstration effect of modern foreign policy effectiveness,and so on,these are the motive to promote the change of physical education policy.3.In the Republic of China began to explore China's own physical education development path,the policy promulgation agencies began to work together,the degree of policy standardization increased continuously,there are relevant regulatory documents for the relevant institutions,systems,personnel and facilities,standards and so on,Presents a complete system,the content level is clear and precise,formulate feature specification,but there are doubts of actual policy feasibility.The active attempt to the national physical education reform demands,the democratic revolution and the physical education policy in the late Qing Dynasty became the important motivation of the policy change.4.The Chinese Communist Party led the red physical education policy,and after the establishment of new China,Chinese physical education work comprehensive study the Soviet model,these constitute the foundation of the People's Republic of China's physical education system at that time.The school has formed a relatively complete physical education policy system,the policy promulgation agencies work together normalization,the policy form is diverse,but the legalization is weak,the planned feature is strong,emphasizes the class route and the class struggle,so that the physical education can't maintain quantity and quality.The introduction of the Soviet physical education policy model,the idea of ruling party policy first,completely criticized the regime before the founding of all the accumulation,planning system and lack of experience become the motivation of physical education policy changes in this period.6.After 5 years' interruption in the middle and later periods of the “Cultural Revolution”,physical education policies began to recover,in 1978,with the “Reform and Opening Up” policy and the confirmation of the market economy,the work of physical education ushered in a new period of development,and the legal system of physical education was formed and integrated gradually.Physical education was changed from rule of man to rule of law consistently,and the legal level of physical education was improved gradually.In our country,the legal system of physical education including the constitution of the People's Republic of China and relevant legal rules in some special laws;there are some legal nature requirements of physical education in the central committee of the communist party of China and the state council's relevant documents;and there are some special regulations of the physical education in some relevant administrative departments of government.Thus,the system of laws and regulations of the physical education which was interconnected with Chinese characteristics was formed.The policy of physical education showed its characteristics that the quantity of relevant policies was increased dramatically,the range was expanded widely,the quality of policy is increasing day by day,and the mechanism of making policies was gradually improved,etc.But the mandatory of policies was weaker,and the policies were overlapping and overmuch,and the contents of policies were still need to be optimized.However,the urgent need of development of physical education,the deeply reform of political system,the liberation of people's thoughts,the reform and development of economic system,the demand of personnel training have become the changing motivation agents of physical education in the new period.7.Using the multiple sources theory to explain the changing motivation agents of physical education in different historical periods,we can find some characteristics,in every period,political source policy source and problem source were interactive obviously,and the political source was in dominate position;the problem source was obviously affected by objective factors,the policy source was dominated by model of elites decision,the political source was shown that the constitution of political power was imbalance.The governing idea of the state's will make political source was throughout the whole three sources,and affected the directions of problem source and policy source,which showed that political source was dominated,and the three sources were interactive closely.8.According to the policy motivation characteristics and agents analysis of physical education over hundred years,there are some enlightments are put forward for physical education policy development that strengthening the legal system,improving the mechanism of promulgating;regulating political source,completing supervision system;and enriching policy source,optimizing policy terms and conditions.