A Study On The Influencing Factors Of Physical Activity Of Adolescents In My Country From The Perspective Of Social Ecology Model

Objectives: For the reality of the insufficient physical activity of teenagers in our country,with the social-ecological model suggested by Mc Leroy and other scholars as a general theoretical framework and compliance with multidisciplinary theories and knowledge such as health belief theory,rational behaviour theory and planned behaviour theory,cross theoretical model,social cognition theory and social support theory,the paper begins from the individual,interpersonal,institution,community and policy in the social-ecological model to explore the main influencing factors for the teenagers' physical activity with the cross-sectional study;and then it would formulate a scale of the influencing factors of teenagers' physical activity suitable for the national situation of our country to seek for the path and effect between all factors and the level of physical activity and the interactive effect among factors.Hence,a structural equation model for the domestic influencing factors of teenagers' physical activity would be built up to provide a wide area perspective for the dimensional consideration of the influencing factors of teenagers' physical activity,which would provide theoretical evidence and practice reference for formulating the promotion policy of teenagers' physical activity in the future.Methods: The study adopts the mixed method.The first is qualitative research.There is a semi-structured interview with parents,teachers,headmasters and government officers.The data is collected and coded with the grounded theory and theoretical sampling method to build up a model of influencing model.Second is the quantitative study:(1)systematic review,there is literature searching in the international electronic database,and the search result would be reported according to the systematic review formulated by Moher and other scholars and the Meta-analysis(PRISMA)guidelines;and then there is a quality assessment on the included literatures with the mixed method assessment tool(MMAT);(2)scale formulation: it is adopted with the stratified random sampling to extract 1280 students from grade seven to grade twelve in 12 middle schools in six cities in the southern,central and northern Jiangsu Province.With the use of the cross-validation method,722 effective samples are equally divided into two parts to do exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis respectively,so as to formulate the scale of influencing factors of teenagers' physical activity with the qualified reliability and validity;(3)model construction: the mesomeric effect of variables is validated with the descriptive statistical method,regression analysis method and percentile Bootstrap method for deviation correction;the Bootstrap ML(repeat sampling 5000 times)of Maximum Likelihood(ML)is adopted to analyse the model and build up the structural equation model.Conclusion:(1)Through the review research,we find that our country would pay more attention to the middle proximal level(institution,interpersonal and individual)in the social-ecological models or focus on some dimensions in some perspective when the social-ecological model is deemed as the theoretical framework to study the teenagers' physical activity.While there is no study on the five perspectives of socioecology of Mc Leroy and other scholars to comprehensively sort out the influencing factors of teenagers' physical activity.Thirdly,compared with the foreign study in this field,our country's study on teenagers' physical activity still has single methods without qualitative research results.Furthermore,many domestic studies are adopted with selfmade measuring tools that have neither reliability nor validity for having no strict validation,so there may be a bias in research results.In the end,foreign scholars think that the social-ecological model would not only have a multi-layer impact but also a cross-level and interactive impact on health behaviours;however,there has been no domestic study to validate it.(2)Guidelines of Physical Activity is one of the important political tools to restrain the ceaseless decrease in the teenagers' physical activity of children.When looking back to the development process,policy-making background and main body of guidelines all over the world,the paper sorts out and extracts the core contents of guidelines of all countries(organizations)to seek the common features and ordinary rules.Excellent experience is concluded to guide family,school and society to work with each other to promote the physical health level of teenagers and children;and it could update and improve the guidelines of domestic teenagers and children's physical activity.The study thinks that: 1.keep enhancing the relations between the governmental and non-governmental organizations;2.keep pace with the international frontier research to formulate the dimensional evaluation standard;3.enhance the regular monitoring evaluation of domestic children and teenagers' physical activity;4.strengthen the regular monitoring assessment of domestic children and teenagers' physical activity;5.absorb the experience to lay a foundation for the formulation and preparation of the new domestic guidelines.(3)Chapter three makes the social-ecological model a theoretical framework.Through the semi-structured interview with parents,teachers,headmasters and government officers,the researcher has a coded analysis of the interview text.The grounded theory is applied to refine the dominant influencing factors of teenagers' physical activity.There is a total of 49 concepts,19 subcategories and 5 main categories.The 19 subcategories are 1.individual perspective: self-cognition,self-efficacy,personality and temperament,time efficiency;2.interpersonal perspective: parental support,parental cognition,family support,family economy,family atmosphere;3.Institution perspective: campus facilities,campus atmosphere,teacher influence,curriculum;4.community perspective: facility allocation,community sports atmosphere,natural factors;5.policy perspective: teaching and competition policies,supervision and management policies,epidemic control policies.Through the further refining and conclusion,the study thinks that the dominant influencing factors of teenagers' physical activity are the following 5 main categories:(1)individual factors;(2)family environment;(3)school environment;(4)community environment and(5)policies.Hence,the researcher builds up a “primary model of influencing models of teenagers' physical activity” and makes a hypothesis of all working paths for influencing factors.(4)Based on the 5 main categories,19 subcategories and 49 concepts concluded with the grounded theory in the third chapter,a project scale pool is built up with the reference to vast literatures.Through the expert validity test,the questionnaire is released to divide the effective sample into two equal parts with the method of crossvalidation.One part(371)is for the exploratory factor analysis and the other part(373)is for the confirmatory factor analysis.Through the two rounds of factor analyses,the 5 scales for influencing factors of physical activity are formulated with the qualifiedreliability and validity,including the scale of individual factors,the scale of family relief,the scale of school environment,the scale of community environment and the scale of policy.The scales formulated by the study are suitable for the domestic situation,so they could have a quantitative evaluation of the influencing factors of the domestic teenagers' physical activity.It would provide scientific evidence for the proceeding works of teenagers' physical activity with important practical significance and theoretical significance.(5)The opinion of the social-ecological model thinks that health behaviour is not a result caused by a single factor,but the one generated by the joint action of individual factors,family environment,school environment,social environment and policy factors.Each influencing factor is an important role in the process of affecting the behaviour of physical activity.Chapter five has a path analysis through building up a structural equation model,and it finds that the physical activity level of boys is significantly higher than that of girls;and the physical activity level of middle school students is higher than that of the high school students.With the gender variable and grade variable as two control variables,it validates that the physical activity level is affected by multiple factors,and there is an interaction effect among these factors.Meanwhile,it also validates the hypothesis model suggested in chapter three.The study thinks that: 1.Individual factors,school environment,community environment and policy have a direct and positive impact on teenagers' physical activity;2.Individual factors,family environment and school environment could be the mediator variable,and the community environment and policy would display their chain mediated effect through these mediator variables to impose a significantly positive impact on the physical activity.