| Conflict is a form in which social groups are related or interact with each other,and is ubiquitous in the production and life of human society,it includes two levels:emotional conflict(symbolic conflict)and behavioral conflict(realistic conflict).With the rapid growth of tourism,tourism destinations have undergone dramatic changes,which have become the epitome of China's social transformation and development,providing a model for the study of social conflicts.Religious tourism destinations,as a carrier of tourism resources with a large share,are of great significance to the development of the whole tourism.Therefore,the study of conflicts in religious tourism destinations is the key to promoting tourism harmony and social harmony.In this study,we choose the representative religious tourism destinationin Wutai Mountain as a case,through diachronic tracking and interviews,using the actor-oriented perspective of host-tourist interest groups and mixed research methods,based on the theories of tourism,sociology and geography,we identifie the contents and multi-dimensional conflict structures characteristics of host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destination by investigating negative attitudes,and explor the formation mechanism of conflict around religious intermediary factors.The significance of this research is to construct the systematic theoretical framework of the host-tourist conflict in religious tourism destinations,enrich the application of conflict theory in specific tourist destinations,explore the uniqueness of the host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destinations,and provide a reference path for optimizing the development and management of religious tourism destinations.The main conclusions of this article contain five aspects.(1)Scenic spot staff,mass tourists and non-local operators are the core groups of the host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destinations,monks and lamas and local residents as the marginal layer.Among them,foreign tour operators are the most vulnerable group in power.Although temples are the main conflict space,the conflicts between monks and nuns-tourists are not prominent.(2)The environmental conflicts are the most serious in the host-tourist conflicts of religious tourism destinations,following by the cultural and economic conflicts,and there are only a few motional conflicts and social conflicts.The core temple groups are the main conflicts place,and temple order is one of the main contents of environmental conflicts.Cultural conflicts are mainly manifested in the communication between monks and tourists.The cultural conflicts felt by pilgrims are more obvious.Tourist attitudes and monk attitudes constitute the main content of emotional conflicts.(3)The conflicts between the host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destination are based on or around the religious field.There are conflict gaps between the religious order and daily social order of tourists.The conflicts in religious fields are mainly spiritual conflicts,among which the conflicts between tourists and monks are "low explicit-high implicit" conflicts.The attentions of both the host and the tourist to the religious field are focused on the psychological capacity,Tourists pay particular attentions to the image and attitude of monks.The scale structure of role distance is also mainly manifested in the ignorance of tourists to religious activities.(4)The formation of the host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destinations are based on the macroscopic frame of religious holy and tourism secular,rational disenchantment and value faith,and structure and anti-structure field,and its specific formation are also affected by the following factors.Cognitive bias and property infringement play important roles in the occurrence of host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destination,followed by factors of space,power and facilities.The time of religious ceremony,the overflow of religious space function,the deviation of religious cultural cognition(including the insufficient of religious cultural information and the prejudice of tourists to religious groups)are all important factors.Moreover,the characteristics of religious power in religious tourism destination increase the relative deprivation of hosts and tourists.In a word,religious atmosphere weakens the degree of conflict,and religion plays a moderating role in the formation of conflict.Groups with a higher degree of belief are more sensitive to the temple order.(5)The host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destinations have negative and positive effects.Although there are host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destinations,the conflicts still revolve around the main axis of progress,harmony and beauty,form a conflict chain of"group-value-intervention-factors-interests",and present a helical layer system with the social development.The innovations of this article are as follows:(1)Based on the bidirectional perspective of the actors,this paper constructs an analytical framework of the host-tourist conflicts in religious tourism destinations.It concludes the conflict chain and spiral layer,and enriches the relevant contents of the research on tourism conflict.(2)The uniqueness of the conflict between host and tourists in religious tourism destination is sorted out.It is found that there are consistencies with the study of tourism conflict mainly based on ethnic communities,but there are also differences in religious intervention.The conclusion echoes the tourism authenticity theory and the new secularization theory of religion,and extends the thinking of anger index theory and social distance theory.(3)According to the method of PPGIS,We specifically developed the EPPGIS software platform as mapping tool,which simplifies the process of data input and statistical analysis,and is an innovation of research tools.At the same time,in the process of this study,the content analysis,correspondence analysis,qualitative comparative analysis,lexical cloud analysis,co-occurrence analysis,spatial density analysis,statistical analysis and conceptual model are applied comprehensively,which are the exploration of the combination of diversified methods in order to make as detailed analysis as possible.However,the specific theoretical applications are not deep enough in this article,and it is also not perfect in terms of content expressions.The author believes that future concern of the host-tourist conflicts is the comparison of the conflicts between different types of tourism destinations and the diachronic tracking for a certain place. |
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