| Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the communist party of China has always attached great importance to the popularization and application of agricultural machinery,and once regarded the realization of agricultural mechanization as an important strategic and political goal for the development of socialist agricultural modernization.The popularization of agricultural machinery in China started from adding old-style agricultural tools,developed to improving old-style agricultural tools and popularizing new-style agricultural tools,and finally reached the large-scale popularization and application of modern agricultural machinery.This is a tortuous and arduous historical process.In order to realize the goal of agricultural mechanization as soon as possible,the state has invested countless manpower,material resources and financial resources in order to completely improve the backward agricultural production conditions and the rural economy.This has made a great historic contribution to China’s transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture.From 1949 to 1984,the CPC hubei provincial committee and the hubei provincial government resolutely implemented the central government’s policies to promote agricultural mechanization,and made arduous efforts to realize the strategic goal of agricultural mechanization in hubei province.Thus,it has promoted the rapid development of agricultural mechanization in hubei province,rapidly improved the level of agricultural technology and equipment and agricultural productivity,trained a large number of agricultural machinery technicians and managers with professional skills,promoted the sustained and rapid growth of agricultural output,and promoted the continuous improvement of farmers’ income level and living standard.According to the theory of agricultural modernization of western mainstream agricultural economist,much less the country or region shall give priority to the development of biochemical technology such as chemical fertilizers,pesticides,seeds to save relatively scarce land resources,and sparsely populated country or region shall give priority to developing agricultural mechanization to save relative scarcity of labor resources.The implication is that China,with more people and less land,should give priority to the development of chemical fertilizers,pesticides,improved seed varieties and other agricultural biochemical technologies when formulating the development strategy for agricultural modernization,rather than promote agricultural mechanization on a large scale.However,history and practice have proved that,despite many setbacks in the process of actively promoting agricultural mechanization from 1949 to 1984,China’s agricultural mechanization still made remarkable historic achievements,which greatly promoted the development and progress of rural economy and society.Obviously,the practice of agricultural mechanization in Chinaduring the collectivization period is contrary to the theory of agricultural modernization of western mainstream agricultural economists,but this does not mean that China’s agricultural mechanization is a failure.On the contrary,it just shows that the western mainstream agricultural economic theory is not enough to explain the historical process of agricultural mechanization in China.Therefore,this paper holds that the promotion of agricultural machinery in hubei province from 1949 to 1984 can be promoted continuously on a large scale,the fundamental reason is that the promotion of agricultural machinery has a huge and extensive spillover effect.This spillover effect has brought significant economic and social benefits to the rural areas and promoted the rapid development of agricultural production in hubei province.However,this spillover effect is easy to be ignored or underestimated due to its difficulty in quantitative analysis.The main research contents and author’s views of each chapter are as follows:In addition to the introduction,this paper is divided into four chapters.Introduction is the introduction part of the whole paper,which mainly expounds the reasons for selecting the topic,the purpose and significance of the research,the definition of relevant concepts,the literature review at home and abroad,the research ideas and methods,as well as the innovation and shortcomings.The first chapter mainly describes the historical process of agricultural machinery popularization in hubei province from 1949 to 1984.Throughout the course of agricultural machinery popularization in hubei province from 1949 to 1984,it can be roughly divided into the following four historical periods.The period from1949 to 1957 was the beginning of the popularization of agricultural machinery,the period from 1958 to 1965 was the rise of the popularization of agricultural machinery,the period from 1966 to 1978 was the climax of the popularization of agricultural machinery,and the period from 1979 to 1984 was the adjustment period of the popularization of agricultural machinery.In the first period,hubei province was in the backwardness of the traditional agricultural tools dominant position,the vast rural agricultural tools shortage under the predicament,first through the implementation of agricultural tools lending policy,strengthen the old agricultural tools production to supplement the old agricultural tools,the rapid recovery of agricultural productivity and rural economy.Second,hubei widely promote the double double plough,marla seeder,rocker arm harvester,new walking plough,such as dozens of new agricultural machinery,through the test achieved good effect,greatly improve the work efficiency,but there are also new tools lack of scientific appraisal,lagging technology teaching work,many products manufactured,mood irritable in trial-manufacture of new products,tools and production index had higher a series of problems.Third,hubei province through the pilot state farm,state-owned drainage and irrigation station,state-owned tractor station,widely carried out agricultural mechanization demonstration work,fully show the great power of modern agricultural machinery.Inthe second period,driven by the "great leap forward" in agriculture,the "car transformation" innovation in paoma township of dangyang county directly promoted the rise of the agricultural tool reform movement in hubei province.The reform movement of agricultural tools has created a large number of new tools for farming,carrying water,transportation and processing in the vast countryside,which has promoted the development of agricultural productivity in hubei province to some extent.However,due to the influence of "left-leaning" errors,the reform movement of agricultural tools broke away from the track of scientific development and wasted a lot of manpower,material resources and financial resources.During this period,the state-owned tractor station was initially decentralized to the commune and the production team.However,due to the low utilization rate of tractors,more machine damage and low economic benefits,the decentralized state-owned tractor station was reabsorbed into the state again.In a short time,it developed rapidly and reached its peak in 1965.State-owned electromechanical irrigation and drainage enterprises have experienced a tortuous course of development,first in the agricultural "great leap forward" in the process of rapid development,then encountered a serious crisis and development dilemma,after comprehensive rectification has achieved remarkable results,the rapid rise of electric power irrigation and drainage enterprises.In the third period,the first national meeting on agricultural mechanization was held in xinzhou county,which established the strategic goal of basically realizing agricultural mechanization in 1980 and greatly promoted the process of agricultural mechanization in hubei province.Since then,hubei province large-scale tractor battle,feed mill battle,paddy field "three machine" battle,three "do" make hubei province agricultural machinery promotion reached an unprecedented climax.This period was also a period of great development of agricultural mechanical and electrical irrigation and drainage in hubei province.A large number of large-scale irrigation pumping stations were built,which greatly improved the ability of agriculture to fight against severe drought and flood disasters.The fourth period,hubei agricultural okmo established,through the agricultural machinery industry adjustment,agricultural mechanization service work,the responsibility system for the management of agricultural machinery use of agricultural machinery and household camp,pushing the door the rapid rise of agricultural machinery,greatly improve the agricultural machinery management benefit,promote the healthy development of hubei province agricultural machinery promotion.The second chapter focuses on the main body,operation form and operation benefit of agricultural machinery popularization in hubei province from 1949 to 1984.The main body of agricultural machinery popularization in hubei province includes the state,collective(including people’s commune,production brigade and production team)and individual.However,in different historical stages of development,different agricultural machinery extension subjects have different effects.Specifically speaking,from 1949 to 1965,state investment was the main investment,from 1966 to 1978,collective investment was the main investment,and from 1979 to 1984,farmers’ investment was the main investment.Among them,state investment includes demonstrative investment,supportive investment and managerial investment.Demonstration investment mainly took place in the 1950 s and 1960 s,when the construction of state-owned tractor stations,state-owned irrigation and drainage stations are the category of demonstration investment,which has accumulated a lot of experience and technical personnel for the in-depth promotion of agricultural mechanization.Supportive investment is an important part of the state’s "supporting people’s commune investment",which is mainly used to support the purchase of agricultural machinery by the poor team,greatly promoting the development of the poor team’s productivity.Management investment,also known as agricultural machinery operating expenses,has played a positive role in improving the business and technical quality of agricultural machinery personnel,expanding the field of agricultural machinery service and reducing agricultural machinery accidents.After the first national meeting on agricultural mechanization was held,there was a upsurge of collective investment in agricultural machinery.Since then,the vast majority of agricultural machinery in hubei province has been invested and owned by the collective.After the household contract responsibility system was widely implemented,farmers gradually replaced collectives as the main investors in agricultural machinery.During this period,the development of the agricultural machinery use and management system in hubei province was characterized by the development of state-owned and state-owned enterprises--collectively-owned and collectively-owned enterprises--household by household,which experienced the development from a single form of management to a variety of forms of management.From 1949 to 1984,the economic benefits of state-owned agricultural machinery were relatively low,and the collective management of agricultural machinery was higher.As a result of the unification of property rights and management rights,farmers’ operation enthusiasm increased,so the economic benefits were the best.Chapter three studies the positive conditions and favorable factors of agricultural machinery popularization in hubei province from 1949 to 1984.In the collectivization period,although the agricultural machinery in hubei province was widely used and made remarkable achievements,this historical process did not conform to the theory of agricultural modernization advocated by mainstream agricultural economists in the west.Why hubei province can violate the western classical agricultural economics theory and can continue to promote agricultural machinery on a large scale? This is the comprehensive effect of natural conditions,social conditions,institutional changes,national strategies,government policies,economic benefits,industrial development and other factors.Among them,the serious threat of flood,waterlogging,drought and biological disaster as the main natural disasters and the security demand ofagricultural development are the objective reasons for the popularization of agricultural machinery in hubei province.The reform of rural economic system,such as land reform,agricultural cooperation,rural people’s communalization and household contract responsibility system reform,has laid an important institutional foundation for the large-scale popularization of agricultural machinery in hubei province.The national industrialization strategy of giving priority to heavy industry requires extensive popularization of agricultural machinery in rural areas to increase grain output and save agricultural labor,which is the internal requirement of large-scale popularization of agricultural machinery in hubei province.The development and expansion of agricultural machinery industry,represented by tractors,internal combustion engines,drainage and irrigation machines and paddy fields,have laid a solid material and technological foundation for the large-scale popularization of agricultural mechanization.The energy technology progress and capacity expansion represented by urban petroleum industry,electric power industry and small rural hydropower industry are important supports for large-scale popularization of agricultural machinery.However,the huge spillover effect of the large-scale promotion of agricultural machinery is the fundamental economic motivation of the promotion of agricultural machinery in hubei province.The fourth chapter mainly studies the root cause of agricultural machinery popularization in hubei province from 1949 to 1984.The third chapter mainly discusses the external pressure,external conditions and external power of agricultural machinery popularization in the vast rural areas.In fact,if we want to explore the root cause of the sustainable large-scale popularization of agricultural machinery,we should go deep into the rural areas and explore the mechanism by which agricultural machinery plays its role.This paper holds that the fundamental reason for the continuous large-scale popularization of agricultural machinery in hubei province is that the popularization of agricultural machinery has a huge spillover effect on the whole rural economy and society,which greatly promotes the rapid development of agriculture.Objective evaluation that is to say,1949-1984 hubei province agricultural machinery to promote economic effect,we should not be limited to consider expanding the stand or fall of management benefit main body,should also pay more attention to popularizing agricultural machinery,to the promotion of agricultural disaster resistance on food production security of agricultural infrastructure,and the improvement of the structure of agricultural production and the reshaping of the rural labor force market,and so on.Due to the extensive positive effects of agricultural machinery popularization on rural areas,agriculture and farmers,it is difficult to carry out quantitative statistics on the spillover effect of agricultural machinery popularization,so it is often easy to be ignored or not paid enough attention to.But in fact,the spillover effect of agricultural machinery popularization from 1949 to 1984 was huge.Therefore,when we study the economic effect of agricultural machinerypromotion,we should pay full attention to the spillover effect of agricultural machinery promotion and make an in-depth and detailed investigation.Only by fully understanding the spillover effect of agricultural machinery promotion can we understand the root cause of large-scale agricultural machinery promotion in hubei province from 1949 to 1984. |
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