| Rural settlements are production and life comprehensive function supporting body of rural population.The rural resident population gradually decrease because rural population non-agricultural sectors,rural "hollowing out","amphibious" problem has become increasingly serious with the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization.Therefore,it is an important content of the rural revitalization strategy and new urbanization studies to discuss rural settlements layout optimization.At present,the countryside is in a new stage of transformation and development in China.According to statistics,the number of village committees in China was 559,000 in 2013,down 23.6 percent from 732,000 in 2000.and reduced 26.1 percent from 756,000 in 1991.The number of national village number in China was 3.77 million in 1990.down 2.62 million in 2016.and reduced 1.16 million from 1990 to 2016.and reduced 445.000 on average annual,and reduced 125 on a day.Rural resident population and agricultural census register population declined into decline phase rapidly in 1996 and 2001,reduced 11.21 million people and 5.79 million people on annual average.In order to accelerate the urbanization process,the state has proposed to meet the important task of urbanization of about 300 million people by 2020,namely that a large number of rural settlements will need to be removed in the next three years under the background of industrialization and urbanization fast development.Heilongjiang province proposed to accelerate the development of urbanization in the reclamation area in 2008.The total number of rural settlements in Qixing.Changye and Daxing farm of Heilongjiang province was 1503 in 2009.which decreased to 447 in 2013.The total area of the residential area was reduced from 4360.58 hm2 to 3247.60 hm2,and the area decreased by 1112.98 hm2.Songnen plain is an important commodity grain production base in Heilongjiang province.In June 2013.the state council approved to establish "two great plains" of Heilongjiang province for the modern agriculture comprehensive reform pilot area.The area will be builted into the national commodity grain base core area,high-efficiency ecological agriculture area and the forerunner area as a development goal of overall planning for urban-rural development.The region must be implemented fundamental change of modern agricultural production mode,improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity.The Keshan County is located in the songnen plains.It is one of the main crops production of fully mechanized demonstration county,and the first reform test area of innovation in land transfer system.Per capita cultivated land of Keshan County is 0.43 hm2,with all kinds of agricultural cooperatives 682.The cultivated land transfer area has reached 1.87×105 hm2,accounting for 92.7 percent of the total cultivated land.The proportion of cultivated land operation scale in the whole county is the highest in Heilongjiang province.The mechanization degree of field production has reached 99.2%.The state subsidizes the purchase price of agricultural machinery for 30%to 60%.of which 60%of the subsidies for agricultural machinery equipment and 40%of the personal contribution.It has more than 46 million large-scale agricultural machinery cooperatives.The improvement of mechanical level is beneficial to the land continuous operation,providing guarantee for large-scale land circulation.Fewer farmers grow their own land,and rural settlements have lost the demand of production function for existing farmers.Rural labor force have transferred 152000 people.This phenomenon have leaded to the"hollowing out" of rural settlements is very serious.Rural settlements are general presented big scattered and small enclaves' uneven dispersion distribution.It belongs to the typical rural settlements of major grain producing areas in songnen plains.Rural settlements system and distribution were formed under the traditional agricultural productivity adapted to traditional agricultural productivity and social development,however,agriculture production way has changed with improvement of agricultural productivity,the change of production relation decided to lifestyle changes,the existing rural settlements layout have not adapt to the development of agricultural productivity.Therefore,explore rural settlements layout to optimization adjustment in major grain-producing areas under different level of productivity.it has great significance to optimization theory of rural settlements layout.It has a certain practical application value to improve the rural revitalization strategy and accelerate the process of urbanization of major grain-producing areas.Research had been done on the optimization of rural settlements layout.The theoretical models including point axis theory,symbiotic theory,expectation theory,quality of life theory.and spectrum-ladder governance had been introduced into the theoretical and practical aspects of this issue.The perfection of the theoretical system of optimization research had formed beneficial supplements.The research method was benefited from the extensive use of GIS spatial analysis technology.The research content constructs the optimization index system of rural residential areas from the formation and distribution characteristics of rural residential areas,or optimizes the layout of rural residential areas from the perspective of a single cultivation radius.However,under the reform of the production methods,it has been necessary to research and optimize the layout of rural settlements in the major grain-producing areas under the guidance of modern agricultural productivity,and it is necessary to enrich and improve its theoretical framework and methods.In view of this,the purpose of this study was to explore the layout of rural residential areas in major grain-producing areas under the level of modern agricultural productivity.Keshan county of Qiqihar city in the main grain-producing area of Heilongjiang province was taken as the study area,based on the data of Countryside Land Survey Database of the 2nd National Land Survey and the field research and interviews were conducted towards local settlements,applied some theories such as rural industrial development,land use transformation,spatial structure and layout optimization and geographic system.Then,certain spatial methods,such as,historical data method,field investigation and GIS spatial analysis were used to analyze the evolution characteristics of rural settlements in different stages of social development in order to enrich and improve the spatial and temporal evolution of rural settlements in major grain producing areas.The number and area of rural settlements in the agricultural community in the study area had increased year by year.The initial stage of industrialization and urbanization had started.The area of rural residential areas had expanded,the number of residential areas had grown slowly at this stage,and industrialization and urbanization have accelerated the transition period of development.Rural residential land use had increased.The area and quantity showed a gradual downward trend.The endowment of cultivated land resources was the most important influencing factor for the selection of residential sites in rural areas.Policies,wars,and natural disasters had played an important role in the formation of rural residential areas in a short period of time through the contradictory relationship between man and land.Topography was the basis for the formation of the initial location of rural settlements.The effect of urban radiation on the layout of residential areas in location factors was limited to a certain range,and the traffic roads significantly changed the local spatial distribution of residential areas,with obvious distance attenuation effect.However,with the transformation of the social economy,the improvement of agricultural productivity and population factors have a greater role in the optimization of the layout of rural residential areas in major grain-producing areas,providing a basis for optimizing the layout of rural residential areas.Based on the field research and user interview method,investigated and analyzed current of rural production that agricultural subject,cultivated land scale and agricultural machinery level and peasant life that population and homestead idle conditions,income source and structure,infrastructure and public service facilities.At present,there is a lack of unified planning for the layout of rural residential areas,and the per capita construction land area is 331.10 m2,which is exceeding the standard and the land is wasted 6885.41 hm2.Less than 10 hm2 of micro-residential sites and small-scale residential sites of 10 hm2 or more and less than 14 hm2 are still more than half of the population.The infrastructure is poor,and it is fragmented and dispersed,destroying the ecological environment,and has not adapted to the development of agricultural productivity in major grain-producing areas and residents need to optimize their layout.Using the multi-factor assessment method,the status of rural residential areas is evaluated in terms of resource endowments,infrastructure,and basic conditions for development.The number of plaques in rural residential areas with good conditions is 17 and the number of patches in residential areas with better conditions is 133.The number of patches in residential areas with normal conditions is 386.The number of patches for residents with poor conditions is 320.Different grade residential condition score 37.37,27.95,16.17,65.79.the rural residential areas under the condition is good,better,general level residential areas than to 17:133:706.showed that different rural residential areas plaques on the size and the number shows obvious hierarchy,in line with the central place theory.Using GIS spatial analysis techniques,superimposed landforms,slopes,forest lands,water areas,arable land,and farming plots are used to measure the size of cultivated land around rural settlements areas.Cultivated land scale surrounding rural settlements showed that below 200 mu of cultivated land scale contained 12044 pieces,1597 pieces of 200-5000 mu.more than 5000 mu of cultivated land scale contained 5000 pieces.Cultivated land surrounding in rural settlements in southeast northwest was more distributing,cultivated land of Xicheng,Beilian.Xilian and Xijian,which were suitable for more than 5000 mu,because of the cultivated land were relativel,concentrated.Cultivated land under 200 mu were more distributed on north of Beixing town,eastern Xianghua town and Keshan town,which difficult to form large scale farmland limited by hilly region.Nemer river and Wuyuer river.The farming radius of farmer's production trips under different operating scales was estimated to be 3.75 km.5 km and 10 km,respectively.Based on the cultivation radius and the size of the cultivated land around the rural settlements areas,the range of farming in different rural areas was determined.The calculated rural residential area tillage is 3 to 10 times that of the original rural residential area.From the macro level,a multi-level spatial positioning method was used to construct an optimization system for the layout of rural residential areas,forming a three-level spatial system of counties,townships,and villages.The radiation radius of public services in towns and towns was calculated to be 7.32 km using the structure and travel time of farmers.Microscopically,through the service radius of township centres,we can screen rural settlements with better and better conditions.Combining the scope of cultivation of selected rural settlements.Using the pressure coefficient model of cultivated land and the grid analysis method,with the lowest pressure coefficient of cultivated land and covering all the cultivated land in the study area as the standard,identifidv the rural residential areas that match the distribution of cultivated land,and verifidy and supplementted the results.Based on the final screening results and combined with the conditions of rural residential areas,the rural residential areas in the study area were divided into four types of optimization:priority development,limit expansion,policy retention,and migration consolidation.Based on the analysis of the timing of the optimized adjustment of the layout of rural residential areas in combination with the population size,the time sequence of the optimization and adjustment of the layout of rural residential areas is divided into three adjustment periods:short-term,medium-term.and long-term.The economic benefits,social benefits,and ecological benefits of the optimized adjustment of rural residential areas are analyzed and safeguard measures are proposed.The government led the relocation of 313 rural settlements with poor conditions,the policy retains 17 rural settlements with certain cultural,historical and ethnic characteristics,85 rural residential lands with good and better self-identification and matching with the distribution of arable land are selected as the priority development type based on the cultivation pressure guidance.In addition to priority development and policy retention,the 422 rural settlements,which are in better conditions and generally have limited expansion.The recent remediation of the study area can provide 2194.40 hm2 of land supply and 6813.54 hm2 of land supply in the long-term.Land supply can be used to transform agricultural land used as a drying yard or storing agricultural machinery,assist modern agricultural production in major grain-producing areas,or reclamation into arable land,and increase the effective area of cultivated land.After optimizing the layout of rural residential areas in the study area,the new land supply is 9007.94 hm2,the agricultural income is increased by 10809.53 million yuan,and the large-scale production per mu yield is increased by 10%.By giving priority to developing 85 rural settlements and relocating 313 rural settlements,a three-tiered spatial system of counties,townships,and villages will be formed,a 20 minutes service radius will be established,full coverage of basic public services will be achieved,land circulation will be promoted,and large-scale operations will be promoted.Industrial upgrading,increase farmers' income level and quality of life.It will centralize the treatment of rural sewage,poultry pollution,and farmland waste levels,regulate the use of fertilizers and pesticides,strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure,and improve the ecological environment.For the five aspects that policy support,organizational support,capital source,supervision measures and public participation,to guarantee the scheme of rural settlements optimization adjustment to implement. |
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