| This paper uses data from the "Thousand Village Survey",a large-scale rural survey project organized by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics with the theme of "Investigation on the Current Situation of Farmer Entrepreneurship" in 2016,to analyze the status quo of farmer entrepreneurship in rural China and conducts an empirical study on their entrepreneurial motivation,entrepreneurial mode,entrepreneurial effects(wealth effect and subjective well-being effect)and try to answer the following questions:(1)What is farmer entrepreneurship?How to understand farmer entrepreneurship in China?(2)What is the current situation of farmer entrepreneurship in rural China?(3)What are the characteristics of Chinese rural farmers'entrepreneurial motivation?What factors will affect the entrepreneurial motivation of farmers in rural China?(4)What are the characteristics of the entrepreneurial mode of rural farmers in China?What factors will affect Chinese rural farmers' choice of innovation entrepreneurship?(5)What are the effects of Chinese rural farmers' entrepreneurship?Can entrepreneurship really increase the income level of them?Can it bring happiness to them?In other words,does entrepreneurship have wealth effect and subjective well-being effect for rural farmers in China?This paper will try to find out the current situation of Chinese rural farmers'entrepreneurship by answering the above five questions,exploring mysteries in the process of entrepreneurial performance and the existing problems of rural Chinese farmers,and tries to put forward corresponding policy suggestions,in order to provide some reference for policymakers to formulate more favorable policies for farmer entrepreneurship,to better solve the problem of "agriculture,rural areas and farmers",and contribute the faster implementation of Chinese rural revitalization,let more farmers in rural China live a better life.First of all,this paper introduces the main connotation of entrepreneurship,defines the concept of countryside and farmers,describes the characteristics of the entrepreneurial process of Chinese farmers,gives the definition of farmer entrepreneurship,and elaborates the type of farmer entrepreneurship,analyzes the mechanism of farmers' entrepreneurial motivation,the decision-making process of entrepreneurial choice and the management process of entrepreneurial choice,narrates the historical change process of Chinese farmer entrepreneurship in modern times,to lay the theoretical foundation of this article.Through literature research,we discover the shortcomings of previous research,so as to find out the space for expansion and innovation for this article.For example,the current depth of research on farmers' entrepreneurial motivations is not enough,the current distribution of industries engaged in farmers' entrepreneurship in rural China is still unclear,and there is a lack of research literature on the relationship between innovation and farmers entrepreneurship,happiness and farmers entrepreneurship,etc.Secondly,the paper uses the data of the "Thousand Village Survey" in 2016 to analyze the status quo of farmers entrepreneurship in rural China,and also conducts research on the three themes of farmers' entrepreneurial motivation,entrepreneurial models,and entrepreneurial effects around the entrepreneurial process.Finally,the paper summarized the research conclusions and put forward policy recommendations.This paper mainly uses modern applied economics research methods and paradigms to study the subject through a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis.Qualitative analysis methods include literature analysis and questionnaire survey,while quantitative analysis methods mainly use binary choice model,multi-value selection model,propensity score matching method(PSM)and intermediary effect model.The research results and conclusions are as follows:First,due to the differences in national conditions,geographical characteristics,cultural background,history development,economic environment and political system,the entrepreneurial process of Chinese farmers has its own unique characteristics.Considering the particularity of Chinese farmers,combined with the common elements of entrepreneurship connotation:The Entrepreneur,Innovation,Organization Creation,Creating value,Growth and Process,etc.This paper defines that Chinese farmers entrepreneurship refers to the rural household registration population in China who breaks through the original self-sufficient small-scale peasant production thinking,alone,or by relying on the family(relatives and friends)relationship,or by the formal organization(enterprise or non-enterprise form),through investment in capital and labor,taking risks to engage in production and management and other economic activities,in order to create value to gain profit,to seek their own development of economic activities.Second,the degree of entrepreneurial vitality of rural China farmers is positive,but there is still a lot of room for development.There are significant differences in the status quo of farmer entrepreneurship among different regions in China,and the entrepreneurial vitality of southeast regions is greater than that of others.The characteristics of rural entrepreneurial farmers are that the proportion of male entrepreneurs is higher than that of females,and most entrepreneurs have no religious beliefs,generally have low levels of education,and relatively insufficient entrepreneurial experience.The characteristics of rural farmers' entrepreneurship are mainly necessity push entrepreneurship and the mode of entrepreneurship is more traditional.Family entrepreneurship atmosphere is strong,entrepreneurs are facing greater pressure from family and financing.The form of property right of venture enterprise is relatively simple,and the governance mode also needs to be improved.Market competitiveness is weak,weak growth and so on.In addition,by classifying the businesses of 3,113 rural entrepreneurial farmers in all 31 provinces(cities)in mainland China according to certain standards,it is found that:when Chinese rural farmers choose the entrepreneurial industry,the wholesale and retail industries have been chosen by the most entrepreneurial farmers,accounting for 29.36,while agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery ranked second,accounting for 24.54%,in third place is the low-end manufacturing sector,which accounted for 21.27%,the fourth place is the accommodation and catering industry,accounting for 9.12%,the farmers in these four industries accounted for 84.29%of all entrepreneurs.Moreover,when the entrepreneurial industry is divided into agricultural entrepreneurship and non-agricultural entrepreneurship,it is found that about 75.5%of the 3,113 research samples are engaged in non-agricultural fields,indicating that the proportion of agricultural entrepreneurship among rural farmers in China is relatively small and the phenomenon of non-agricultural entrepreneurship transfer is obvious.Third,farmers' entrepreneurial motivation can be classified as opportunity pull entrepreneurship and necessity push entrepreneurship.Through the empirical analysis of the questionnaire data of 3464 entrepreneurship farmers in all 31 provinces in mainland rural China,when the other control conditions remain unchanged,it was found that the following conclusions:(1)Family background and regional differences of farmers have a significant impact on the entrepreneurial motivation of farmers,and the probability of opportunity pull entrepreneurship of entrepreneurial farmers from elite families is increased by 10.16 percentage points compared with that from ordinary family background.There are regional differences in entrepreneurial motivation of farmers with ordinary family background:the probability of opportunity pull entrepreneurship motivation of entrepreneurial farmers with ordinary family background in eastern rural China is significantly higher than that in other regions,among which,it is about 8.8%higher than that in central rural China,4.47%higher than that in western rural China,and 13.75%higher than that in northeast rural China,but there was no regional difference among entrepreneurial farmers from elite families.(2)The probability of male farmers' opportunity pull entrepreneurship motivation is about 7.24 percentage points higher than that of female farmers.The higher the level of education,the more entrepreneurial farmers will be opportunity pull entrepreneurship motivation.(3)The worse the farmer's physical health is,the lower the probability of the farmer's opportunity pull entrepreneurship motivation will be.Entrepreneurial farmers with military service experience are 8.28 percentage points more likely to be opportunity pull entrepreneurship motivation than entrepreneurial farmers from ordinary family.In addition,by further analyzing the heterogeneity of different family background of entrepreneurial farmers,it found that entrepreneurial farmers from elite family who have better health,or certain skills,or military service experience can significantly improve the probability of entrepreneurial farmers' opportunity pull entrepreneurship motivation,but there is no significant help to increase the probability of entrepreneurial farmers' entrepreneurial motivation with elite family background.Fourth,farmers' entrepreneurship model can be classified as two categories:imitation entrepreneurship and innovation entrepreneurship.Through the analysis of the questionnaire data of 3,676 entrepreneurial farmers in all 31 provinces in mainland rural China,it is found that nearly 90%of entrepreneurial farmers belong to imitation entrepreneurship.Moreover,through the empirical analysis,when the other control conditions remain unchanged,it was found that the following conclusions:(1)Farmers from elite families are more likely to be innovation entrepreneurship than ordinary families.(2)The older the entrepreneurial farmers are,their probability of innovation entrepreneurship will gradually decrease,but the decrease rate will gradually decrease with the increase of age.(3)Compared with the entrepreneurial farmers who have no experience of going out to work,the experience of going out to work will increase the probability of farmers' innovation entrepreneurship by about 3 percentage points.(4)Compare with farmers without core technology(secret recipe),farmers with core technology(secret recipe)will increase the probability of innovation entrepreneurship by 3.6 percentage points.(5)With the continuous passage of time,the probability of farmers' innovation entrepreneurship will be lower and lower,and the probability of farmers' imitation entrepreneurship will be higher and higher.(6)The entrepreneurs in ordinary families and elite families have some heterogeneity in the influencing factors of the entrepreneurial model:such as the experience of going out to work,region of farmers had a great effect on farmers'entrepreneurial model from ordinary families,while the age,degree of personal risk preference and startup time has a significant impact on the entrepreneurial model of farmers from elite family backgrounds,etc.(7)The probability of farmers' innovation entrepreneurship from ordinary family background in eastern region is significantly lower than that in central region and western region,about 4.7 and 3.8 percentage points lower respectively.Fifth,through the empirical analysis of the questionnaire data of 8242 farmers in all 31 provinces in mainland rural China,when the other control conditions remain unchanged:First of all,entrepreneurship has a significant wealth effect on rural China farmers,entrepreneurial farmers are 3.79 times more likely earning higher compare with the average income level in the same village than non-entrepreneurial farmers.Moreover,the probability that the income of farmers who choose non-agricultural entrepreneurship are 1.2 times more likely higher than the average level of the same village than that of farmers who choose agricultural entrepreneurship.Secondly,entrepreneurship also has a significant well-being effect on Chinese farmers in rural China."Farmer entrepreneurship" influences "farmers' subjective happiness" by influencing "farmers' income level".In this process,income level plays a part of intermediary variable role,among which the increase of income due to entrepreneurship indirectly contributes about 20.98%of happiness.In addition,when the other control conditions remain unchanged,it was found that the following conclusions:(1)Men,having better health,higher educational level,having elite status in the current political system,having skills,having at least one parent who has not always been a farmer are more likely earning higher compare with the average income level in the same village.(2)Age also has an inverted U-shaped effect on farmers' income level.(3)Farmers with better health,higher education and higher incomes are happier.(4)The elite status in the current political system has the wealth effect,but it does not have subjective well-being effect.Promoting farmer entrepreneurship plays an important role in building a well-off rural life in an all-round way,lifting farmers out of poverty and increasing their happiness and satisfaction,as well as solving the three rural issues and revitalizing the countryside.However,the overall level and quality of entrepreneurship in rural China are not high,and there are the following problems.First,from the perspective of individual,entrepreneurial farmers have problems such as low education,insufficient training and entrepreneurial experience,weak awareness of Internet entrepreneurship and brand.Second,from the perspective of the entrepreneurial environment,the entrepreneurial environment faced by entrepreneurs needs to be improved.For example,the rural market is underdeveloped,and various supporting software and hardware infrastructures for entrepreneurship are not perfect;farmers have difficulty in raising funds for entrepreneurship,and the supporting policies and regulations that encourage farmer entrepreneurship are not perfect,etc.Third,from the perspective of insurance protection received by entrepreneurial farmers,the inadequacy of commercial insurance and social security makes farmers bear great risks when starting a business,and this restricts farmers' entrepreneurial behavior.Taking into account that the overall level and quality of entrepreneurship in rural China are not high,in view of the above three problems,combined with the research conclusions of this paper,the following three policy suggestions are put forward.First,improve the education level and entrepreneurial skills of farmers,and cultivate intellectual elite farmers who can use science and technology to start businesses.Specific measures include:(1)Strengthen farmers' academic education and increase the proportion of farmers with college and undergraduate degrees.(2)Pay attention to the skills education of farmers and encourage them to enter technical schools to learn entrepreneurial skills.(3)Set up farmers' entrepreneurship training schools to train farmers' entrepreneurial awareness,entrepreneurial skills,legal concepts and social responsibility.(4)Establish a mechanism for farmers to cooperate with universities and research institutes to start businesses.Second,create a good rural entrepreneurial environment to provide farmers with the soil for growth.Specific measures include:(1)Legislation guarantees the legitimate rights and interests of entrepreneurial farmers,and a sound policy system of tax incentives and financial subsidies should be established for them.(2)The rural market system should be improved and infrastructure construction such as transportation,logistics,Internet,and e-commerce should be strengthened.(3)Optimize the financing environment for rural entrepreneurship and let inclusive finance serve farmers' entrepreneurship.(4)Build a"rural-enterprise" cooperation mechanism to actively create entrepreneurial opportunities for farmers.(5)Establish a "model role" and explore the potential for the vast number of farmers to devote entrepreneurship.(6)Establish policies to attract urban talents,capital and other resources to the countryside.Third,increase farmers'participation in commercial insurance for entrepreneurship,and establish a more complete,urban-rural unified and sustainable social security system.The possible innovations of this study are reflected on the following aspects.First,explore new unknown areas:At present,the distribution of industries in which rural farmers in China are engaged in entrepreneurship is not yet clear.Based on the classification principles of National Economic Industry Classification(GB/T 4754-2017)and Annotation of National Economic Industry Classification 2017(revised according to Amendment No.1),this paper classifies the businesses of 3,113 entrepreneurial farmers one by one,and innovatively discovered the current situation of farmers' entrepreneurial industry choice in rural China.Second,the new breakthrough of theoretical viewpoint:When studying the entrepreneurial model of rural farmers in China,it was found that entrepreneurial farmers from ordinary family backgrounds in the central and western regions have a higher probability of innovating and starting a business than in the eastern regions.For this phenomenon,this paper puts forward a new viewpoint of "regional spillover effect of innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge",this effect is shown that compared with eastern region where the commodity economy is developed,new markets and products in the less developed regions such as central and western regions tend to be more late formation,this makes the less developed areas have more potential for innovation and entrepreneurship compared with the developed areas.It may be the existence of this effect that makes rural entrepreneurial farmers in the central and western regions have a higher probability of innovation entrepreneurship than those in the eastern regions.Third,new findings of the research results:When studying the effects of entrepreneurship in Rural China,on the one hand,it confirms the existence of the wealth effect of farmer entrepreneurship,and it also finds that non-agricultural entrepreneurship has a stronger wealth effect for rural farmers than agricultural entrepreneurship in China.In addition,it also confirmed the existence of the subjective well-being effect of farmer entrepreneurship.On the other hand,by taking the income variable as an intermediary in the relationship of farmer entrepreneurship influence on farmers' subjective well-being relationship,which partially reveal the influence process and mechanism of subjective well-being effect of farmer entrepreneurship. |
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