| At this stage,the shift of a large number of rural labor force has brought potential threat to the security of national food safety in china:Firstly,under the condition of small-scale farmers' economy,the cost of producing grain is rising,and the profits from the production of grain are declining.While the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization,there are more employment opportunities for farmers to choose and the opportunity cost of farming have risen,which lead to a large number of young adults who own lots of knowledge to transfer to the city and non-agricultural industries.Secondly,with the rigid growth of non-agricultural employment of rural labor,the situation of quantity and quality of rural labor engaged in grain production changed significantly: the problem of the farmers' group age fault is serious;and the elderly and women become the main labor force of grain production;the crisis of insufficient investment in agricultural production exposes and the transfer of a large number of rural labor has weakened the foundation of grain production to a certain extent;the structure of agricultural labor force is not reasonable.The science and technology quality of agricultural labors is much lower.The level of human capital of rural labors declines.However,the shift of a large number of rural labors has also created a significant opportunity for agricultural modernization:the experience of developed countries shows that we can seize the historical opportunity of agricultural population declining sharply to complete the agricultural scale management and significantly improve the agricultural benefits and complete the realization of agricultural modernization.Therefore,the transfer of rural labor force is an important historical opportunity for transformation of traditional agriculture and completion of the agricultural scale management in China.At present,the government and the mainstream of agricultural economics has reached a consensus on the future of agricultural production mode,which breakthroughs the family small peasant operation mode of finely dispersed land and focus on the use of land resources in order to form large-scale,intensive,regional operations and develop the new management subjects,including family farms,farmers' cooperatives,agricultural professional large family.To develop the appropriate scale operation,the core is the?appropriate scale?.To determine the "moderate" standard,the key is "efficiency".The maximum yield is the goal for the government to ensure food safety while the maximum benefit is the goal for farmers to pursuit economic income.The efficiency of grain production estimated under two different objectives is different.Thus,the ?appropriate scale? based on different efficiency is also different.Hubei province is the main grain producing areas,but also the rural labor exporting province.To develop agricultural scale management is of great significance for insurance Food security in Hubei Province.The paper constructed the management scale efficiency of the rice in Hubei province as the research object,focusing on "why to improve rice growers scale efficiency","what kind of rice growers scale is more efficiency","how to promote the rice growers management scale efficiency" three practical problems in order to start the analysis.At first,the paper sorts out the relevant literature and analyses the research's background combined with the actual situation of agricultural economic development to determine the purpose and significance of the study Based on the review of the relationship between the scale of agricultural operation and production efficiency,the appropriate scale management of agriculture and the efficiency of rice management,the paper puts forward some problems to be solved.Then,Based on the macro perspective,the situation of grain production in Hubei province is analyzed from the aspects of grain variety,yield fluctuation,the utilization of cultivated land resources,labor factors and the cost and benefit of grain production.Based on microscopic view,the study describes and analyses of the individual characteristics of rice production,family characteristics,characteristics of rice production,and in-depth analysis of a typical rice scale cases.The paper analyzes the problems faced by rice farmers in large-scale cultivation of rice.And then,the study builds the input-output system of rice production,use DEA model to measure and compare the optimal range of rice management scale efficiency under different goals,and determine the optimal scale of operation of rice under different objectives.On this basis,the study builds a Tobit model analysis of the factors affecting the scale of efficiency in rice.Finally,it explores the influence factors of farmers ' willingness to expand the scale of land and put forward suggestions to enhance the efficiency of rice growers ' business in China.Main conclusions of the paper are as follows:Firstly,rice is the main grain crop in Hubei Province,and grain production is in a period of steady growth,but its cyclical characteristics did not change,the possibility of large fluctuations in grain production still exists.The location characteristics of grain production in Hubei Province were characterized as middle high,low on both sides.The hilly plain agricultural region of central Hubei is the main grain producing area,The grain production capacity of the hilly agricultural region in eastern Hubei and western Hubei is relatively weak,Wuhan urban agricultural area of food self-sufficient ability is inadequate,a high degree of external dependence.Hubei Province,the rural labor force to non-agricultural transfer of the trend is obvious,the number of practitioners of agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery dropped significantly.At the same time,Hubei Province,agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery practitioners also showed a significant trend of aging,male labor force to reduce,the general level of education is low and so on.Medium-indica rice,maize and wheat,among the three food crops,the net profit of medium-indica rice was the highest and had obvious growth process,and its cost profit rate was also relatively high.In general,grain production has the problem of low net profit and large fluctuation.Secondly,Hubei Province,the young and middle-aged labor of rice planting is too low,the elderly are the main source of agricultural labor;Rice growers are relatively less educated;pluralism income is an important source of income for rice growers.The cultivated land area is small,Only a small part of the arable land area of farmers to achieve a larger scale;Farmland transfer behavior occurred in the "acquaintance society",the small scale circulation,the circulation of the main oral agreement,land transfer period is uncertain,and the rent is very different.Hubei Province,the circulation market of farmland is not perfect,the farmers to implement the scale of farmland management is facing a lot of uncertainty factors.The role of agricultural machinery is becoming more and more important.The agricultural technology to save labor is an important part of rice production technology promotion.Farmland system is the key factor that affects the cost and benefit of rice farmers.Farmland rent seriously squeezed the profit margins of rice farmers.Enterprise capital into agriculture affected farmers' interests.Increasing the added value of agricultural products is the main way to improve the operating income.Scale operation benefit is decided by many kinds of factors,the scale of operation is not the bigger the better,but should follow the appropriate principle.Government organization of farmland transfer is conducive to large-scale operation of arable land,to avoid the rent-seeking behavior,to protect the collective assets,promote orderly transfer of arable land.However,land rent price is too high,Squeeze the profit space,greater blow on the planting enthusiasm;a short term,which increased the operation cost of bidding system,but also greatly affected long term business plan for scale cultivation.Thirdly,there are often large differences in the scale efficiency of rice management between the goal of maximizing production and maximizing revenue.Using Data Envelopment Analysis to maximize the efficiency of rice under the objective of maximizing production,the efficiency of the results showed that the scale efficiency of rice to achieve the optimal scale is 32?36 mu,followed by 80?90 mu.Using Data Envelopment Analysis to maximize the efficiency of rice under the objective of maximizing revenue,the efficiency of the results showed that in a certain extent,to expand the scale of rice planting can increase the yield of planting,however,when the scale is too large,the yield of rice production will decline.Under the goal of maximizing revenue,the scale efficiency of rice business scale efficiency is 115?150 mu.Under the two objectives,the optimal range of rice operating efficiency is not in existence,but the sub optimal range is 80?90 mu.Fourthly,There are four factors influencing the scale efficiency of rice under the maximizing production and maximizing revenue are degree of education,the rent of arable land accounted for the proportion of the area of cultivated land,total material input,Average area of rice cultivated on a single piece of cultivated land.Some means can improve scale efficiency of rice,such as: strengthening literacy education for rice farmers,promoting the orderly transfer of land,guiding proper scale management of rural households,adequate allocation agricultural production material input.Rice cultivated area and average sales price of two independent variables have a significant impact on scale efficiencies of rice under revenue maximization target.It improves rice growers' scale efficiency in rice under the aim of maximizing by expanding rice planted area,guaranteeing rice prices.The role of new types of agricultural business,get technical guidance,the level of satisfaction for agricultural technology and other factors were not significance to scale efficiencies of rice under two goals of output maximization and profit maximization.In order to promote the improvement of business efficiency in rice,new types of agricultural business and agro-technical popularization will play a role.Fifthly,there are six factors significantly influential to the desire of the scale planting of rice farmers: Age,the number of agricultural machinery,the actual area of cultivated land,cultivated land area accounts for the proportion of all arable land rented land,for the actual scale of satisfaction,satisfaction on the rice price.Results showed that,there are six characteristics of rice farmers,the desire of scale operation is stronger: younger,possession of the large number of agricultural machinery,cultivation of cultivated land area is larger,rented land arable land accounts for the proportion of arable land is higher,not satisfied with the actual scale of operation,satisfied with the rice price.Therefore,in order to enlarge the area of rice farmers,according to the characteristics of the farmers,we should support six characteristics of rice farmers.Innovation in the study includes three aspects:In the perspective of the study,study on the scale efficiency of rice cultivation is relatively rare in Hubei Province.Hubei is the main rice producing area and the main rural labor exporting area.It is a very strong representation that the paper takes Hubei Province as the research object.Macro-analysis of food production can reflect the problem of the universality of national food security.Micro-analysis of rice producers can reflect the practical problems faced by rice farmers.The study combines macroscopic analysis and microscopic analysis organically,combines the objectives of national food security to yield maximizing and the objectives of income maximizing,and then analyzes the efficiency of the scale of operation.Clear research perspectives and accurate research objectives contribute to successful research.In the methods of the study,more scholars use empirical analysis to study the efficiency of agricultural scale,while the use of case study method is relatively small.This article is a combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.In the qualitative analysis,the paper analyzes the typical cases,analyzes the operation situation of rice farmers,and analyzes the scale efficiency of rice planting.In the quantitative analysis,the paper measures the area of rice production,in which rice cultivation has the largest scale efficiency under the goal of maximizing production by DEA.And also measures the area of rice production,in which rice cultivation has the largest scale efficiency under the goal of maximizing income by DEA.And then,determined the area range in which the efficiency of scale of rice-production is optimal through the two indexes of cost grain yield and cost-benefit ratio in Hubei.On the basis of the above research,the paper analyzes the factors affecting the scale efficiency of rice cultivation by tobit model and the factors affecting the willingness of scale management of rice growers by binary logistic model.These studies provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of rice scale management.In the conclusions of the study,the study gets meaningful conclusions,which are helpful to promote the efficiency of large-scale of rice production through the case and empirical analysis.The paper analyzes the input of the labor,the utilization of cultivated land and the profit of grain production in Hubei Province on the macro perspective,analyzes the individual characteristics of rice farmers and realistic predicament of rice production on the microscopic view,estimates the optimal size of the rice production and analyzes the factors that affect scale under the yield-maximization-goal and the income-maximization-goal in the empirical methods.These conclusions are helpful to ensure the production of rice,improve the efficiency of large-scale of rice production.These conclusions are important theoretical significance and practical values to ensure the food security in China. |
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