| Innovation is an important approach for a country to exert people's wisdom and strength,maintain its sustainable economic development a nd enhance national competitiveness;for enterprises,innovation is the key engine to promote the development of business,maintain their technological advantages in an industry,and grasp the opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation.However,ever since a long time ago,in the management of innovation,more and more enterprises have been facing “management paradox” in terms of autonomy and normalization,that is,should an organization give its employees a high degree of autonomy to induce the occurrence of innovation behaviors or strictly implement management norms to ensure innovation goals of employees and innovation strategy of the organizational is always consistent? In precedent research,it has been found that when an innovation scheme of a research and development team or an individual is rejected by its enterprise due to various factors,the team or individual chooses to violate its superintendent's instruction of stopping the research,that it still exerts subjective initiative and implements innovation activities by standing fast during the transition period,as it is convinced that its vision would to bring success to the organization or colleagues around it.This behavior is known in the academic community as bootleg innovation.From the perspective of reality,bootleg innovation has long existed in enterprises,and has created many remarkable products for enterprises,such as LED lighting technology,HP large-sized electrostatic display,Sogou browser and many other revolutionary technological innovation results are the successful cases of those developers who had constantly transgressed the instructions of their superiors in their innovation activities.In recent years,bootleg innova tion has gradually gathered attention in western academic circles,and many scholars have published important research in top academic journals.None the less,we still know little about the problem of “what factors will affect employees' bootleg”,as for the internal formation mechanism,there are few studies on it.So far,these small numbers of studies mainly focus on the aspects of work autonomy and innovation atmosphere,which have not yet formed a completed theoretical system,which is not conducive to guiding enterprise practice.Therefore,it is of great importance and necessity to study the influencing factors and the respective formation mechanism of bootleg.From the perspective of reality,bootleg innovation has long existed in enterprises,and has created many remarkable products for enterprises,such as LED lighting technology,HP large-sized electrostatic display,Sogou browser and many other revolutionary technological innovation results are the successful cases of those developers who had constantly transgressed the instructions of their superiors in their innovation activities.In recent years,bootleg innovation has gradually gathered attention in western academic circles,and many scholars have published important research in top academic journals.None the less,we still know little about the problem of “what factors will affect employees' bootleg innovation”,as for the internal formation mechanism,there are few studies on it.So far,these small numbers of studies mainly focus on the as pects of work autonomy and innovation atmosphere,which have not yet formed a completed theoretical system,which is not conducive to guiding enterprise practice.Therefore,it is of great importance and necessity to study the influencing factors and the respective formation mechanism of bootleg innovation.On the basis of precedent literature,in this study,the influencing factors of bootleg innovation are systematically studied,in which it is firstly defined the conceptual connotation,manifestation,behavior nature and behavior motivation of bootleg innovation along the logical thinking of “Definition of connotation ?influencing factors ? formation mechanism ? management strategies”.Secondly,based on grounded theory,an exploratory study of the infl uencing factors of bootleg innovation is carried out to construct a structural system of the influencing factors of bootleg innovation.Third,on the basis of the structure system of the influencing factors of bootleg innovation,the internal mechanism of bootleg innovation of employees under the leadership regulatory-focused is studied from the perspective of regulatory-focused.Lastly,the theoretical model is empirically tested and management enlightenment is provided for enterprise innovation practice.In the end of this study,the following major conclusions are obtained:(1)Conclusion on the influencing factors of employees' bootleg innovationBased on the method of grounded theory,exploratory research is carried out in this research on the influence factors of employees' bootleg innovation,and through the three-level coding process of open coding,axial coding and selective coding,a system of influence factors is constructed with “influence factors of employees' bootleg innovation ” as the core category,leadership style,employee characteristics,psychological perception and organizational context as the main categories,as well as 28 sub-categories.Through in-depth analysis of the correlation between the core category and the main categories,a model of the mechanism for the generation of bootleg innovation behaviors of “Event ?Driving ? Motivation” is constructed,which lays a theoretical foundation for subsequent empirical research.(2)Conclusions on the mechanism of employees' bootleg innovation under leadership regulatory-focused perspectiveFirst,leadership regulatory-focused behaviors have a significant influence on employees' bootleg innovation.Leaders of promotion regulatory-focused pay more attention to innovation results than to compliance with organizational routine procedures,under whom employees are more likely to try bootleg innovation.On the contrary,Leaders of prevention regulatory-focused tend to adhere to organizational procedures to avoid the risks brought by“unnecessary” innovation activities,so employees are less likely to implement bootleg innovation.Second,the mediating role of psychological empowerment.It is shown through this study that psychological empowerment plays an intermediary role between leadership regulatory-focused behaviors and employees' bootleg innovation.Among them,complete mediating psychological empowerment of leadership promotion regulatory-focused behaviors have a positive influence on employees' bootleg innovation;partially mediating psychological empowerment of leadership prevention regulatory-focused behaviors have negative impact on employees' bootleg innovation.Third,the joint regulation effect of innovation resource stress and employee creativity.For the significant positive correlation between leadership regulatory-focused behaviors and employees' bootleg innovation,both structural stress of innovation resources and employees' creativity play a significant positive moderating role.In addition,the positive correlation between leadership regulatory-focused behaviors and employees' bootleg innovation is also affected by the joint regulation effect of innovation resource structural stress and employees' creativity.However,this independent and joint moderating effect of structural stress of innovation resources and employees' creativity has not been confirmed in the relationship between leadership prevention regulatory-focused behaviors and employees' bootleg innovation.Based on the above conclusions,compared with precedent studi es,the potential innovation points of this study are as follows:(1)The research on the influencing factors of employees' bootleg innovation would help to make up for the lack of theoretical basis for the industry to predict bootleg innovation.So far,there are different views on the influencing factors of bootleg innovation,and most of them have based on the reference to the research on workplace bootleg behaviors or innovative behaviors.Based on grounded theory,it is conducted in this study an exploratory study on the influencing factors of bootleg innovation.Through open coding,axial coding and selective coding,it is obtained an influencing factor architecture with “influencing factors of bootleg innovation” as the core category,and covers 4 main categories,28 formal categories and 242 preliminary concepts.On this basis,through in-depth analysis of the association between the core category and the main categories,a model of the mechanism for the generation of bootleg innovation behaviors of “Event ?Driving ? Motivation” is constructed which lays the theoretical foundation for subsequent empirical research and management practice.(2)The research on the intermediary path for the influence of leadership regulatory-focused behaviors on employees' bootleg innovation provides a new perspective to help us comprehend the issue of “how do employees' bootleg innovation come into being?”In recent years,although the academic circles have begun to pay attention to the problem of “how do employees' bootleg innovation arise?”,the relevant research has just started,and there is little empirical research to explore the internal mechanism,to which the theoretical contribution of this study is also reflected.From the perspective of subordinate identity and sel f-concept,it is introduced in this study the intermediary variable of psychological authorization,thereby contributed a new explanation for he issue of how leaders' behaviors affect employees' bootleg innovation,and enriched the theory system of bootleg innovation.(3)The research on the new boundary conditions for the influence of leadership regulatory-focused behaviors on employees' bootleg innovation can better explain the essence of the influence different leadership styles on the career success of subordinates.The integration of some important situational elements in the process of bootleg innovation will help to better interpret the mechanism of bootleg innovation,but the research in this field is still in its infancy.In this study,it is verified the joint regulation effect of structural stress of innovative resources and employee creativity on the relationship between leadership regulatory-focused behaviors and employees' bootleg innovation,thereby clarified the mechanism of the interaction between organizational context and individual endowment on employee's bootleg innovation,thus expanded the research on boundary conditions in the generation process of bootleg innovation. |
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