Research On Northwest Highway Traffic Problems During The Anti-Japanese Wa

Transportation is one of the essential elements of human social life,playing a great role in shortening geographical space,and is the forerunner of national social and economic development.Therefore,the progress of transportation is not only of great significance to the transportation itself,but also can drive the rapid development of the whole social and economic field,which is crucial to promote the social process.In modern times,with the invasion of western powers,China experienced unprecedented changes,which initiated the modernization of China unconsciously in history.In particular,the mode of transportation that drove social and economic development had undergone new changes,from large lanes to roads,railways and aviation.New means of transportation,such as ships,trains,automobiles and planes,have appeared successively.From the perspective of regional distribution,it gradually developed from the southeast coast to the inland area,but the progress of the means and modes of transportation in the inland area lagged behind the southeast coast,especially the innovation of the transportation in the northwest area,which moved in zigzags slowly during the whole modern history.As the northwest frontier gradually became a prey of predators and coveted by Britain,Russia and other countries,it continuously suffered military aggression,economic plunder and cultural infiltration,which posed a great threat to national defense and border security.Northeast China had been occupied by Japanese army since Mukden Incident,while the strategic position of northwest China was getting more prominent.The external challenge had awakened Chinese national consciousness." Compatriots suffered heavy losses and gradually began to pay attention to the northwest area for remedial action "." Only transportation have been developed primarily,can the northwest area be developed",it indicated a realization that the transportation development is not only profitable for politics,economy,culture and education of the northwest border area,but also relates to national security and the survival of the Chinese nation.Therefore,the construction of northwest transportation was put on the agenda by Nanjing National Government.The formation of highway transportation network is the basic requirement of the rational allocation of transportation resources and occupies the leading and central position in the whole transportation pattern.During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the construction of highway traffic in northwest China went through the process from by the civil society to by the government.In the early period of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,also the initial period of traffic construction in northwest China,construction was Mainly carried by the Chinese Relief work to repair the large lane for driving cars.Due to the imperfect policies and the lack of funds and technical force,fewer roads were built in this period,and the grade was low,and the traffic capacity was generally poor.With the continuous improvement of northwest development,northwest transportation construction has become an important part of northwest development.When the war of resistance against Japan broke out,northwest China became rear bases for the "war of Resistance against Japan and the Establishment of the People’s Republic of China",and an important protective wall for the smooth transport of goods and materials between China and the Soviet Union.Therefore,the northwest highway immediately became a vital international communication line and development and construction of the northwest rear area of the transportation industry has become the urgent need of the National government.With the national government support of technology,capital and talent,presided over by northwest highway bureau and the local government to build northwest highway,nine main lines:Xilan,Ganxin,Ganqing,Ganchuan,Chuanshan,Huashuang,Pingning,Hanbai,Baoping qinghai,gansu,GanChuan,chuanshan,were successively completed.Furthermore,provincial highway between the main towns were gradually built,initially forming a highway transportation network to of the northwest five provinces with lanzhou as the center.In the process of road construction,the road traffic quality and transport efficiency are largely restricted by subjective and objective factors such as geographical conditions,shortage of talents,poor technical conditions,difficulties in financing and political instability.Transportation can play an important role in the national economy and people’s livelihood.In addition to building basic transportation routes,passenger and cargo transportation is also needed for operation.In order to realize the rapid and efficient operation of transportation,effective management of all links from construction to operation and scientific traffic management system are all needed.In view of this,the Northwest Highway Bureau,directly under the Ministry of Communications,was established and made outstanding achievements in organization,personnel,transportation,maintenance,vehicle management,construction of traffic ancillary equipment,road maintenance mechanism and other aspects.It initially started the scientific management of northwest highway traffic and made an important contribution to the wartime military and civilian transportation.However,there are many problems in operation process,which are related to the imperfect design of its own system and the fragility of the national economy in wartime,and the inability to meet the requirements of traffic management.To be specific:first,the organizational structure is not unified,administrative efficiency is low;Second,the problem of oil shortage is serious,which affects the transport efficiency;Third,vehicle shortage,material shortage;Fourth,there is a shortage of funds to make ends meet;Fifth,political instability and banditry are rampant.The above five aspects have become the main factors of the difficulties in northwest traffic management.Although the road bureau has been trying to eliminate the disadvantages from beginning,result is not satisfactoryDuring the war of resistance against Japan,the contradiction between the current situation of backward transportation and the demand for transportation during the war of resistance against Japan was obvious.In order to get rid of the traffic dilemma,the National government implemented the system of "wartime post transport".In Gansu,Shaanxi,Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces,the central transport trunk lines and local branch lines were set up to make full use of civilian transport capacity to carry on military,public and commercial transport.During the war,northwest post transportation was started,which made up for the shortage of modern transportation capacity in northwest China,at the same time,made an important contribution to the supply of public goods in the former army and the adjustment of civil necessities in the rear area.But in the course of carrying out,there existed some problems,such as the unsound management system,the difficulty of recruitment,the shortage of funds,and the deviation of the freight,the price of labor and the price of commodities,etc.These problems made the institution difficult and affected the efficiency of the post transport wildly.The study of the northwest post transport in wartime can reveal the mutual supplement and adjustment between the traditional and modern modes of transport in the specific environment of the Anti-Japanese War,as well as the behavior choice between the government and the public in the operation mechanism of the post transport,and realize the positive role of the traditional transport force in the modern war.Overall,during the Anti-Japanese War,the contradiction between the relatively backward traffic situation in northwest China,state will in wartime and strategic needs was prominent.Under the premise of this kind of dilemma,with the intervention of the state force and the concerted efforts of the central and local governments as well as the public,the traffic construction process in northwest China entered the fast lane during wartime.The inter-provincial highway traffic network gradually formed,the traffic management organization was constantly improved,and the modern traffic system in Northwest China was gradually established.It was difficult to concentrate traffic construction effectively for those limited by capital,technology,talents,materials and other resources,which largely restricted the effect of highway traffic itself.Disadvantages,at the same time,showed characteristics of crash molding and aging.The attention to frontier traffic and actual intervention by the central government was in the face of increasingly severe national crisis of the freedom of wartime emergency.Although modern transportation construction had the macroscopic planning of systemic and specific of the implementation of the plan,the actual effect was not satisfactory because of its special military and political strategy needs to present "tides ebb and flow" deformed characteristics.Of course,the symbiosis and complementation between new and traditional traffic in northwest China also promoted the metabolism of economy and society in northwest China to some extent.It can be said that the renewal and co-existence of the connection mode was undoubtedly an important catalyst and factor to promote the economy and social metabolism in northwest China.These changes,to a certain extent,adapted to the infiltration of national forces in all aspects of the need to form some internal interaction.On the one hand,the actual intervention of the central and local governments played a leading role in the development of transport.The progress of transportation was especially beneficial to the communication between the central and local governments,ensuring the smooth flow of materials for international aid to China in wartime,strengthening the effective integration of the central government in ethnic minority areas,consolidating national defense,strengthening the construction of a modern state,and realizing border security and even national security.On the other hand,transportation,as an engine of progress,participated in and shaped the social and economic development of northwest China in modern times.It plays an extremely important role in the northwestern region where social economy was relatively backward.The social and economic benefits it brought was to promote the social transformation from traditional agricultural society to modern industry and commerce.In addition to that,it was effective means of communication between the central government and local government;it implemented effective guarantee of border security;it was conducive to national construction and national unity.These understandings are helpful to provide inspiration and reflection for the development of northwest transportation and provide historical reference for the current "One Belt and One Road" initiative.Under the irregular state,what operation mechanism does the government adopt to solve the problems of transportation development,and then to achieve the effective integration and interaction of various social resources between the central and local governments?How to promote economy of northwest area and society metabolism in transportation progress?This is still an issue that needs to be examined and considered in contemporary society.