Research On The Construction Of Landscape And Humanistic Space Pattern In Chang'an Capital Area Of Sui And Tang Dynastie

Chang ’an city in Sui and Tang dynasties is a masterpiece of ancient urban planning and design,which occupies a very important position in the history of urban planning in China and even the world.Local Chinese urban planning attaches special attention to the relationship with people and natural landscapes,treating the city and the surrounding mountains,water,rivers and valleys as a whole,comprehensively examining,recognizing and grasping the landscape order,laying out the important humanistic spatial elements in the key positions of the landscape order according to the organizational principles of culture,artistry and wholeness,and thus forming an overall pattern in which the urban landscape order and humanistic spatial order are integrated.Based on this understanding,and in order to deeply understand the local wisdom of ancient Chinese urban planning,this paper takes historical urban geography as the basis and draws on theories and methods of habitat science,and takes the creation of the spatial pattern of landscape and humanities in Chang ’an,the capital city of Sui and Tang dynasties,as the starting point,and discusses the foundation and perception of landscape and humanities,the order of creation in different circles,and the wisdom of construction.This text is divided into seven chapters,with the first chapter being an introduction.The second chapter researches the landscape,humanistic foundations,perceptions and the positioning and spatial composition of the mountains and rivers of Chang’an City in the Sui and Tang dynasties.In terms of natural landscape foundation and cognitive aspects,from the"three shapes"(三形)concept,the macro environment of Guanzhong Plain is the head of dragon in the central plains of Fengshui(风水);In terms of shape,the eight waters surrounded and the river tableland inter-phase,for geomantic back riding dragon bureau and water bureau;In the aspect of internal form,based on the six high slopes across the east and west,it constitutes the terrain of the hexagrams.On the humanistic basis,Zhou Yi(《周易》),Zhou Li(《周礼》),Guan Zi(《管子》)and Fenshui theory together form the ideological foundation of urban planning and design.Under the concept of mountain and river worship,the conceptual axis is constructed with the capital Chang’an as the"middle of the world"and the perceptual axis is constructed with Chang’an Tai Chi Palace as the"middle of the capital".The restoration of the natural landscape is reflected in three aspects:first,the temples and temples in the Nine and Five Places are used as the town;second,the southeast corner highland chisel Qujiang pool to suppress,southwest corner lowland wooden tower to worship,in order to achieve the"whole"effect;third,the artificial excavation of five canal water system,to meet the urban life and landscape water,to achieve the purpose of’Tongluo’(通络).The third and forth chapters analyze the city proper and the layout of buildings in the city.These sections summarize the five components of"boundary,axis,skeleton,group domain,and base".The boundary includes the city boundary,the water boundary,the mountain boundary and the sky boundary;the walls of Chang’an City were also positioned according to the mountains and rivers;Feng River(沣河),Wei River(渭河),Chan River(浐河)and Ba River(灞河)constitute the water boundary and also the psychological boundary of the city;Zhongnan Mountain(终南山),Beishan Mountain(北山)and Lishan Mountain(骊山)constitute the mountain boundary of the capital,forming a special mountain-city relationship;the combination of urban topography and architectural layout constitutes the heavenly realm.In terms of axis,before the Daming Palace(大明宫)was built,the axis of’Tai Chi Palace-Red chairman-Zhuque StreetMingde Men-Shibie Gu’(太极宫-朱雀门-朱雀大街-明德门-石鳖谷)was established,and it was proved that Shibie Gu was probably called Ziwu Gu(子午谷)in Tang dynasty.After the Daming Palace was built,the axis of’Yongkang Ling-Han Yuan Dian-Dayan tower-Nanwu Tai-Niubei Feng’(永康陵-含元殿-大雁塔-南五台-牛背峰)was formed.The skeleton mainly refers to the road system of Chang’an city.The main roads and the roads in Lifang(里坊)can be divided into three levels.The design of the road skeleton system is mainly affected by the thought of Zhou Li.There are five types of group domains:administrative group domains,sacrificial group domains,religious group domains,cultural and religious group domains,and living group domains.Administrative group domain,such as Tai Chi Palace,Daming Palace,Xingqing Palace(兴庆宫),respectively,occupy six lines"nine two","nine one","nine four"high ground.In compliance with the ritual system on the basis of the full use of natural terrain,the important temple occupies a high open,combined with the Palace,Tai Chi Palace,Daming Palace for the"South Palace North"(南宫北苑)pattern,Xingqing Palace for the"North Palace South"(北宫南苑)pattern.Sacrificial group domains,Taimiao(太庙)and Sheji(社稷)are arranged according to"Zuozu Youshe"(左祖右社)in Zhou Li,and Confucian temple and Wu Temple are arranged according to"Zuowen Youwu".At the same time,the Taoist Tai Chi Palace entered the national rituals,established in the Palace in Daning Square,the system once with the Imperial Temple.Religious buildings are mainly Buddhist temples,Taoist temples,Zoroastrian shrines,Persian temples,and more important temples are often located in the six lines of high slopes projecting forward on the high points,while their architectural layout has a strong religious allegory.The layout of the market has changed from the practice of"Qianchao Houshi"(前朝后市)in the Zhou Li.At the same time,the Tang dynasty also set up the Zhongshi(中市),Nanshi(南市),Xinshi(新市),Gongshi(宫市),and so on,and after the middle Tang dynasty commercial activities gradually extended to the Lifang area.The substrate is mainly the residences within the Lifang.In terms of spatial distribution,the Sui dynasty showed the characteristic of"dense west and sparse east"(西密东疏),and the Tang Dynasty evolved into"dense east and sparse west"(东密西疏),and in the north-south direction,the Sui and Tang dynasties showed the consistent characteristic of"south is false and north is real"(南虚北实).Within the Lifang,noble houses tended to be sited on higher ground.Ordinary houses are usually single courtyard quadrangles.The noble houses were large in size and high in specification,and had private gardens,with rocks piled up as mountains and water cut into ponds,integrating nature and artificiality.The fifth chapter focuses on the analysis of the creation of the spatial pattern of suburban landscape and humanities.The first is to"sacrifice"as the theme of the suburban sacrificial altar construction.In determining the orientation of the alter,three modes of thinking are used,namely,the orientation of Yin and Yang(阴阳),five elements,and the position of the stars.In the design of the shape and size of the altar,it uses symbols such as the place of heaven and earth(天圆地方),the concave‘Kan’(坎),the Yin Shu(阴数)and Yang Shu(阳数)of Zhou Yi(《周易》),the Sheng Shu(生数)and Cheng Shu(成数)of the five elements,and the Taiyi in Jiugong(太一行九宫).The second is the development of the suburban landscape with the theme of"Touring",including the forbidden garden,Qujiang,Kunming Pond,Dingkun Pond,etc.The forbidden garden has multiple functions such as entertainment,economy,military and site protection.Qujiang has the dual nature of royal gardens and public gardens.Qujiang scenic area in the southeast corner of Chang’an city is composed of Cien Temple(慈恩寺)and Leyou Park(乐游原).Kunming Pool and Dingkun Pool are the scenic spots in the southwest corner of Chang’an city in Sui and Tang dynasties.Third,Buddhist temples and Taoist temples with the theme of’Xiu’are widely distributed in the suburbs of Chang’an and become tourist attractions.In site selection,Zhongnan Mountain Temple view,mostly Guanshan Temple,due to the situation;temples in the foothills often pursue the ideal pattern of wind and water surrounded by mountains and rivers,gathering wind and holding yang.The temples on the loess plateau in Fanchuan(樊川)area tend to be high and near the river.Fourth,the’residence’as the theme of other industries,mainly located in the southern suburbs and eastern suburbs of Chang’an.The site selection and environment construction are influenced by the geomancy theory,one is to embrace the gang and fu(冈阜),surrounded by mountains and rivers,the second is to deviate from the original face of the Chuan,the third is to control the victory,the pursuit of surrounded by mountains and rivers,Yin and Yang surrounded by mountains and rivers space.At the same time,pay attention to mountain and water management,storage of flowers,birds,insects and fish,to create artificial environment.The sixth chapter is the most outer circle of the city landscape humanities spatial pattern to create an analysis.First of all,as a defense system pass,divided into valley or waterfront pass landscape,river control type pass landscape,mountain control type pass landscape.Second,the emperor living apart from the palace,in terms of site selection,the pursuit of mountains and rivers around the rich,beautiful place;layout,according to the landscape situation to design the overall pattern and direction of the palace.The third is the imperial tomb.The northern mountain range where the imperial tomb of the Tang dynasty is located is a branch of the Lvliang Mountains(吕梁山),which is where the dragon veins are located in Fengshui.The imperial mausoleum follows the traditional Zhao and Mu(昭穆)order in spatial distribution.Starting from the Dingling(定陵)of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang dynasty,the two sides of the peak excavated by Xuangong(玄宫)are surrounded,and the left and right ridges are extended from the rear,which makes the ideal geomancy pattern between Xuangong and Nanmen more obvious.At the same time,the Sui and Tang imperial mausoleum in the layout to imitate the capital Chang’an.And a good perspective relationship between the city and the mausoleum is formed.Based on the construction of landscape humanistic spatial pattern in different regions of Chang ’an City in Sui and Tang dynasties,this paper analyzes the concept of local construction in China,and finds that there are three levels of landscape cognition in site selection planning.Based on this cognition,the planning and construction of the city,the suburbs and the four fields coordinate the natural landscape and humanistic order,reflecting the combination of the three camping thoughts of Zhouyi,Zhouli and Guanzi in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Fengshui theory.This regional level view based on human settlement environment,from the perspective of metropolitan area,integrates landscape and humanistic elements,and then explores the research ideas of construction thought,which not only brings new ideas for the exploration of Chinese local construction thought and wisdom,but also promotes the interdisciplinary research of historical urban geography and human settlement environment science,and broadens the breadth and depth of research.