| Campsites for education offer special environment for children and teenagers to learn and grow through experience in nature and group outdoor living.They play an important role in completing the home-school-society synergic high-quality education system,and serves as important learning places outside schools and home to support all-around growth of children and teenagers in terms of both mental and physical health.The typological characteristics of campsites for education lie in their in-depth and sensitive connection with natural environment and social-cultural context.Driven by market demands and national policies,campsites for education in China have undergone rapid development.Yet as late comers,they still lack supports of typological knowledge and design theories,which gives rise to various problems in their construction and development,such as homogeneous functionality and content,insufficient combination with local resources,less flexible integration of campsite planning and diversified site environment,lack of fun and distinctive nature experience in campsite spaces,and rigid intervention of buildings into environment.Based on current practices,it is necessary to analyze the typological characteristics of campsites to effectively guide the practices,and,with a focus on long-term development,to realize the sustainable development of the campsites,which originated from the North America and flourished worldwide,via their deep integration with local environment in China.Therefore,establishing a design methodology system that can promote the in-depth integration and interactive development of campsites and local environment in China has become a major task for architecture to meet the demands of educational system development in China,and represents an important research field to improve and optimize the design of modern learning spaces.This study aims to establish a perspective and design strategy of environmental symbiosis that can intervene the complex and interactive relation between campsites and environment,systematically summarize key internal and external factors,and promote the benign interaction and development of campsites and environment.By comparing,analyzing and summarizing the development history and practical cases of campsites for education in and outside China,this paper extracts key design topics and typological characteristics to set up the research basis using research methods such as comparative summary,comprehensive analysis,and interdisciplinary research.Through the comprehensive application of symbiosis theory and systems theory,this paper establishes an environmental symbiosis system for campsites,analyzes the mechanism to improve mutually beneficial environmental symbiosis,and defines the design framework,targets and principles of environmental symbiosis for campsites for education.This paper explores further into the environmental symbiosis design strategies for campsites for education,which specifically includes coordinated functions and goals,integrated planning structure,and co-constitutive spatial elements.First,based on the concept of synergic symbiosis,this paper proposes to guide the holistic development with due consideration to the local environment,tap opportunities for mutual promotion of campsite services and local environmental development needs,and carry out synergic and scientific planning in terms of service objects’ needs,functions and contents,scale and capacity,dynamic development.,so as to formulate measures regarding synergic functional planning objectives.Second,based on the concept of integrated symbiosis and from the perspectives of campsite system and environmental conditions,this paper proposes to fully strengthen the compatibility and relevance of campsite planning with complex and diverse places,scientifically respond to the needs of super-large capacity and dynamic development,and organize the planning system in a hierarchical and orderly manner and organically combine it with the guided environmental experience,so as to realize organic integration and mutual complementation of campsite structure and form with natural,cultural and artificial environment,and eventually formulate measures regarding integrated campsite planning and structure.Third,based on the concept of interactive symbiosis,this paper proposes to extract space modules with co-construction of artificial and natural elements as the basic characteristic,realize interactive generation of spatial configuration through profound response to environmental elements,naturalize campsite facilities based on the natural context and environment,and apply site-specific measures that are closely related to environmental conditions and resources in the construction process,so as to create the highly experiential learning spaces co-constructed with the nature and eventually formulate measures regarding co-constitutive spatial elements.This study further discusses the comprehensive application of design measures as a holistic and coherent system in sub-environment of China’s territorial spaces,and their practical application in projects.This paper summarizes and extracts the knowledge concerning the typology of international campsites for education,and builds the design theories and strategic system of environmental symbiosis for campsites,which are of both theoretical and practical significance,and hopefully would play a role in leading and guiding the current and future campsite construction practices in China,as well as facilitating and improving the establishment of campsites for education design theories. |
