Design And Strategy For Implementing Electric Buses Using The SWOT-AHP Method And Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix(QSPM)in Indonesia

Indonesia is the fourth largest country in the world,with a population of nearly280 million people.As a member of the G20 and a developing market with large economic potential,Indonesia faces various challenges such as:air and climate pollution and the transportation sector is a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions,so electrification in this sector is key in mitigating global warming.Although recent studies show the economic feasibility of integrating electric vehicles with combustion engine vehicles in the near future,focusing solely on decarbonizing private vehicles will not provide a holistic solution for space management in urban environments.Therefore,it is important to invest in technological development and application of electric buses for public transportation to improve the quality of life in big cities.However,electric vehicles still have several obstacles such as inadequate infrastructure,expensive battery prices,high electricity prices so they require support from the government and holding an Mo U with the government or state-owned companies to become a viable market for buyers.Battery Electric Vehicles（BEV）are here to meet the needs for energy efficiency and CO₂ reduction in the future.Recent research shows an increasing trend in the use of battery-powered electric buses around the world.In an effort to understand the technology concept of launching electric buses,this research investigates the technical and economic aspects of four charging technology concepts,including fast charging,medium charging,overnight charging,and hybrid buses.This research was carried out in direct collaboration with public transport operators in the capital city of Jakarta to obtain realistic results.This dissertation presents the development of electric buses by improvising bus designs that are more sophisticated,efficient,modern,environmentally friendly and use renewable technology.Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process（AHP）,SWOT Analysis（Strength,Weakness,Opportunity,Threat）,and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix（QSPM）to meet the megatrend of energy efficiency and CO₂reduction in electric buses.This method is theoretical and is simulated with lifetime cost data.Based on energy efficiency analysis and benchmarking as the basis for energy-saving innovations,selected with a focus on official driving cycles and real-world driving benefits.This innovation was implemented on a 12 meter long electric bus vehicle prototype.With more efficient calculation methods it is possible to analyze large scenarios and a large number of technical alternatives.Auto body companies need this study to decide on the procurement and use of electric bus fleets in several big cities in Indonesia.This dissertation reviews various scientific literature on electric bus research using science mapping methods and content analysis to support critical thinking in uncovering key research directions,methods,policies and gaps in the field..The analysis shows that future research on electric buses will be directed at sustainability including economic,environmental and service quality dimensions,energy management strategies and fleet operations.In general the VOSviewer function for displaying bibliometric maps is provided.Next the technical implementation of certain parts of the program is discussed.Finally,VOSviewer ability to handle large maps uses the program to create and display co-cite maps of more than 523 scientific journals.Using Scopus and VOSviewer data,the software helps examine and differentiate co-occurrence data among publications in 392 journals,proving its usefulness in preliminary studies and shaping future research.Finally,this dissertation also presents the design（interior and exterior）of electric buses,Innovation and Competitiveness as well as the use of advanced technology in the process of making electric bus prototypes,Pre-Delivery Inspection（PDI）,then mass production for the market in Indonesia.