| More than 90%of China’s wine grapes are distributed in soil-burial areas,and the soil-burial period in winter can be up to half a year.Soil-burial in winter has a certain unfavorable impact on the extension of the life of grape plant,the establishment of the cultivation mode,the improvement of the mechanization level,the winter ecological protection of vineyards,and the reduction of winter production costs.The soil-burial method has always been a significant problem that restricts the development of the grape and wine industry in China,and therefore it is of great value to study the free-buried cultivation mode in soil-burial areas.In this paper,a biodegradable liquid film（BLF）was selected as the key technology for free-buried cultivation.The effects of BLF on plant physiological metabolism and ecological environmental protection were studied via chemometrics and indoor wind tunnel simulation research.The comprehensive impact on grape（mainly on Cabernet Sauvignon）wintering,growth,the quality of berries,the vineyard ecological environment,the cost of grape production and the establishment of cultivation pattern provides data that supports further research on the role of BLF in the wintering cultivation of grapes,and also provides a theoretical basis for its application in the grapevine soil-burial areas.The key results of this study are as follows:（1）The effects of BLF on the water retention and cold resistance of isolated annual branches were evaluated.The BLF treatment significantly reduced the water loss rate of the isolated shoots,and the water loss rate was significantly 3.12%lower than that of the control.Under different low temperature conditions,the BLF treatment could reduce the degree to which grape shoots were damaged,improved the SOD activity and soluble protein content of grape branches,and significantly reduced the MDA content of grape branches.The BLF treatment reduced the semi-lethal temperature of most varieties.The effect on the Sauvignon Blanc variety was the most obvious and the semi-lethal temperature of the BLF was 2.25℃lower than that of the control.（2）The effects of BLF on the physiological metabolism of overwintering branches during the soil-burial period were evaluated.The content of GA3 in the BLF treatment was significantly higher than that of the control.The contents of ABA and IPA in the BLF treatment were significantly lower than those of the control,and the effect on the IAA content of the branches was not significant.Overall,the control had higher levels of cold-resistant hormone regulation than did the VB treatment and BLF treatment under the low temperature in winter.The control may have been better resisted in winter because there was no exogenous protection.This is related to cold exercise,and also explains the wintering protection effect of BLF on grape branches in soil burial period.The trend of changes for VB treatment,CK and BLF treatment in sucrose metabolism related indicators was not obvious,and further research was needed.（3）The effects of BLF on grape growth and fruit quality were studied.Compared with the control,the BLF treatment improved the survival rate of the grape plants.Compared with the VB treatment,the BLF treatment delayed the germination of the grapes for 4 to 6 days to prevent the occurrence of spring frost,and the phenological period becomed more consistent in the subsequent growth process.Additionally,the BLF exhibited an average increase in grape yield of 66.75 kg/mou compared with the control.BLF could significantly increase the sugar content of the grapes,reduced the acid content,and increased the contents of flavan-3-ol,total flavonoids and total phenols in the grape skin,increased the contents of aroma substances and improved the aroma components of the fruit.（4）The effects of BLF on soil material residues and wind erosion resistance were studied.In the winter,the BLF could be completely degraded in the grape branches and soil surface within 5 to 6 months.The use of BLF in the winter for five consecutive years would not cause excessive residual heavy metal elements in the grapes or soil,and would not cause Ba P pollution in water.The BLF mixed soil increased the Ba P content in the soil,which increased from the control of 0.00164 mg/kg to 0.00245 mg/kg,but remained below the national standard of 0.55 mg/kg.The Ba P content was reduced with the degradation of BLF,and was not detected in the soil after using the BLF for five consecutive years(detection limit 4×10-4 mg/kg).The use of BLF had increased the temperature of soil layers at different depths,and the effect of the temperature increased in the spring was evident.The temperatures of soil layers at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm and 25 cm deep after spraying BLF in the morning were significantly higher（0.2～0.5℃）than those of the soil layers in the control.The ecological impact of BLF in vineyards was found to be significantly less than that of VB treatment and the control.The maximum sediment concentration was only 10.51 g at different simulated wind speeds,accounting for 14.22%of the control.BLF treatment had a slightly higher proportion of wind erosion in the range of 0 to 10 cm,which could prevent wind erosion from rising.Under wind tunnel simulation conditions,the BLF combined with the wind barrier of the branches had a reduced effect on wind speed,mainly for the range of10 to 40 cm,and from the windward side of 1 H（the height of branches in the model）to the leeward side of 5 H.（5）The effects of BLF on the wintering cost of grapes and the establishment of cultivation pattern in soil-burial areas were researched.The BLF could reduce the wintering cost and improve management efficiency.As a wintering measure for the marginal soil-burial areas,the wintering cost could be reduced to 6.5%via the VB treatment,which accounted for 22%of the total annual management cost.An free-buried mode was proposed,including crawled training,winter shoots windbreak,biodegradable liquid film measure,soil management measure,fruit setting management measure,growth period management measure,water,fertilizer and pest management measure,suitable for grape production in the soil-burial edge areas.In general,the cultivation of grape in the other soil-burial areas could also apply relevant measures.The biodegradable liquid film is an important measure for the buried-free cultivation mode of the soil-burial areas,and it has the function of protecting the grape for safe wintering,and can also prevent and cure the soil wind erosion. |
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