| Wood vinegar is a reddish-brown liquid formed during the pyrolysis and carbonization of biochar.It is a green and environment friendly biomass material.Wood vinegar at an appropriate concentration can promote crop growth,increase yield,inhibit bacteria,and resist stress.But its size and mechanism are still unclear.Therefore,it is very important to analyze the effective components and functions of wood vinegar,understand the mechanism of wood vinegar,and explore the application methods and characteristics of wood vinegar for the rational application of wood vinegar to achieve sustainable crop production.Based on the analysis of the composition of poplar wood vinegar,Huayouza No.9 and Shengguang 165 R were used as the test materials,and the foliar spraying test was carried out by incubator cultivation,pot planting,field planting and other methods.The main components of vinegar have different effects on the growth of rapeseed.The combined effects of different regulatory substances in wood vinegar on rapeseed growth and resistance to biological and abiotic stresses were studied,combined with transcriptome and metabolome data analysis.The main results of the test are as follows:1.Investigated the material composition of wood vinegar and the effect of main components on the growth and development of rapeseedA total of 54 organic substances with a relative content greater than 0.07% were detected in the wood vinegar liquor.The relative content of phenols is 43.19%,organic acids 26.97%,ketones 10.53%,esters 3.85%,alkanes 3.36%,furan derivatives 1.48%,aldehydes 1.72%,and nitrogen compounds 1.46%.Acetic acid,butyric acid,pyridine,butyrolactone,propionic acid,vanillin,methyl 2-furoate in wood vinegar have a significant effects on promoting the growth and development of rapeseed.Dimethoxyphenol,3,5-dimethylphenol,acetal have a certain inhibitory effects on the growth of rapeseed,but generally,there are fewer ingredients in wood vinegar that have inhibitory effects on plant growth.Wood vinegar and butyrolactone can increase the yield of rapeseed by increasing the leaf area and the number of siliques by 15.53% and 26.91%,respectively.Both wood vinegar and butyrolactone can reduce the content of MDA,reduce the oxidation of membrane lipids,and increase the content of chlorophyll,proline,soluble sugar,and SOD enzyme to enhance the cold resistance of rapeseed.2.Determined the basic method of using wood vinegar to promote the growth and development of rapeseedThrough the experiment of wood vinegar spraying concentration,frequency and rape sowing date,it was found that spraying wood vinegar diluted 400 times during the three-leaf period has the largest total biomass of rapeseed with an increase of 53.77%,the effect of spraying 4 times continuously or at intervals was better.Among them,spraying4 times at intervals of 5 days has the best effects to promote the growth of rapeseed,and the total biomass increase was 74.07%,the wood vinegar solution diluted 200-600 times can increase the rapeseed in the early,proper and late three sowing periods of rapeseed.For the yield of vinegar diluted 400 times,the promotion effect was the best in the suitable sowing date,and the yield increase was 23.25%.Wood vinegar was compounded with gibberellin,sodium gluconate,and melatonin to maintain its growth-promoting and yield-improving effects,and the compound with gibberellin yields the highest yield;using the optimized formula of wood vinegar,it was found that spraying the vinegar formula three times was as high as 2855.00 kg/ha with an increase of 25.11%.The application of wood vinegar liquid formula,seed coating formula and carbon-based fertilizer comprehensive technology,the output is as high as 3168.66kg/ha with an increase of 38.85%.3.Wood vinegar can effectively improve the growth ability of rapeseed under low temperature stressWood vinegar can improve the low temperature resistance of rapeseed.After spraying wood vinegar on rapeseed leaves,it mainly enhances the SOD enzyme activity of the leaves by 27.19%,reduces the MDA content by 46.15%,and reduces low temperature damage,enhances the rapeseed by increasing proline by 208.39%,soluble protein 38.27%,and soluble sugar 115.36%.The osmotic adjustment ability by increasing the stomatal density by 13.99%,reducing the stomatal conductance by 40.86%,increasing the water use efficiency by 83.11%,and enhancing photosynthesis,the rapeseed can accumulate more biomass at low temperatures.4.Wood vinegar can effectively improve the resistance of rapeseed to sclerotinia and downy mildewTreatment with wood vinegar alone can effectively reduce the incidence of rapeseed sclerotinia and downy mildew.The incidence of downy mildew of rapeseed decreased with the increase of the number of wood vinegar sprays,and the wood vinegar sprayed three times decreased rapeseed sclerotinia by 10.00% compared with the control.Compared with the control,the formula treatment sprayed three times decreased downy mildew by 21.28%.Compared with the control,the seed coating and carbon-based fertilizer treatments decreased by rape sclerotinia 17.02% and downy mildew by 39.36%,respectively.After wood vinegar,gibberellin,sodium gluconate,and melatonin were compounded,the incidence of rapeseed sclerotinia and downy mildew was further reduced.The incidence of rapeseed sclerotinia disease treated with wood vinegar was reduced by5.00%-9.78%.The reduction of sclerotinia disease in the combination of wood vinegar and 50% procymidone was the most,reaching up to 15.12%-21.66%.The combination of wood vinegar liquid with 10% and 50%,isobacteria thiram reduced up to 18.33%-23.5%and 24.73%-26.66% respectively.The incidence of downy mildew in rapeseed treated with wood vinegar was reduced by 4.90%.When wood vinegar was compounded with 10%and 50% procymidone,the downy mildew of rapeseed was reduced by 9.44% and 10.67%compared with the treatment with wood vinegar alone.Compared with the control,the combined treatment of wood vinegar and 50% thiram was reduced by 6.67%.It shows that the combination is better than the single spraying of wood vinegar or medicament to prevent and control diseases.5.Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the influence of wood vinegar and butyrolactone on the growth and resistance of rapeseedThere were 681 differentially expressed genes in the transcriptome of rapeseed treated with wood vinegar,and 76 differentially expressed metabolites in the metabolite.There were 700 differentially expressed genes in the butyrolactone-treated rapeseed transcriptome and 90 differentially expressed metabolites in the metabolite.The combination of transcriptome and metabolomics analysis revealed that after treatment with wood vinegar and butyrolactone,it participates in mediating the increase in rapeseed biomass and promotes rapeseed growth through the amino acid biosynthetic pathway,participates in rape growth through the phenylalanine metabolic pathway Photosynthesis,through phenylpropane biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism pathway to enhance the disease resistance of rapeseed.Both wood vinegar and butyrolactone can improve the low temperature resistance of rapeseed,but wood vinegar mainly participates in the osmotic regulation of rape through the biosynthesis of lysine,biosynthesis of arginine,and metabolism of arginine and proline.Participates in the anti-oxidation of rape through the biosynthesis of flavonoids and glutathione metabolism.Butyrolactone is mainly involved in mediating rape osmotic regulation and accumulation of malondialdehyde through sphingolipid metabolism,keratin,biosynthesis of amber and wax,and fatty acid biosynthesis.In addition,butyrolactone also improves the disease resistance of rapeseed through the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.In summary,wood vinegar is a mixture of many substances.These substances can have a synergistic effect and have a positive compound effect on plant growth and stress resistance at an appropriate concentration.Among them,acetic acid,butyric acid,butyrolactone,and pandan substances such as vinegar and methyl 2-furoate are effective ingredients that can significantly promote the growth of rapeseed.Therefore,the rational application of wood vinegar is of great significance for promoting the robust growth and resistance of rapeseed,achieving high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of rapeseed,and promoting low-carbon green agriculture. |
PDF Full Text Request