Witness Of The Exchange Between Chinese Culture And Arab Islamic Cultur

The Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism was introduced to Mongolia in the 16th century.By the middle of the 17th century,it spread widely in Mongolia and started to form systems of reincarnating lamas.Jebtsundamba Khutugtu is the largest reincarnation system in Khalkha Mongolia and one of the four largest Gelug reincarnation systems in the Qing dynasty alongside the Dalai Lama,Panchen Lama,and Zhangjia Khutugtu.In the late Ming and early Qing,the power of the Khalkha Tusheetu Khan gradually became stronger.After the first and second Jebtsundamba Khutugtus reincarnated in the Khalkha Tusheetu Khan lineage,the Tusheetu Khan family took charge of the political and religious powers and became prominent in Khalkha.The four Khalkha khans and princes all hoped the Zhebuzundamba to reincarnate in their families.They competed against each other for the reincarnation and created hidden dangers.The Qianlong Emperor of Qing ordered the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu to reincarnate in Tibet under the supervision of the Dalai Lama,Panchen Lama,and the Ch’?-kyong lama in order to avoid the inner conflict of Khalkha.The lineage had been reincarnating in Tibet since the third Jebtsundamba Khutugtu.In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong(1793),the Qing Dynasty formulated the "Imperially Sanctioned Twenty-Nine Articles of Reconstruction in Tibet".It stipulated that the Dalai Lama,Panchen Lama,the Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutugtu,and various reincarnating lamas of all sizes shall reincarnate through the Golden Urn ritual in the home of the common people.The reincarnation of Jebtsundamba Khutugtu thus must be discovered among the Tibetan common people.The Golden Urn ritual was implemented,and the Khalkha Mongol princes were not allowed to find the reincarnate by themselves.The right to control the reincarnation process being held in the Qing court’s hand also cut off the previous blood relationship between the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu and the Khalkha khans and princes.The Khalkha khans and princes and especially the religious elites at the Khuree were unwilling to see that the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu to reincarnate in Tibet.Although they knew that they were unable to change it,they still tried in various ways to recover the reincarnation of Jebtsundamba Khutugtu in Khalkha.Thus,the implementation of this formulation was not as right as rain.The reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu in Tibet also brought new problems in Khalkha.After several rounds of discovery,invitation,and reception of the reincarnates,the cooperation among the Qing court,Tibet local government,and Khalkha turned into a procedure and convention.Since the implementation of the Golden Urn ritual,when Jebtsundamba Khutuktu reincarnated,the head of the four leagues of Kharkha,vice head of the four leagues,aisilara jiyanggiyun,hebei amban,kurun i kambu nomon han,erdeni sangjutba and others would decide on the next incarnation together,report to the Qing emperor,and then send out invitation according to the imperial edict.Although there were no specific regulations on the invitation of the reincarnation of Jebtsundamba Khutugtu to Khalkha,it needed to be carried out according to that of the previous incarnation.The discovery of the reincarnation started since the death of the previous reincarnate.Handling the aftermath of the lama’s death,building the temples and stupas for the dead lama,sending envoys to Lhasa,Tibet to hold a dharma gathering for his reincarnating,finding the new reincarnation,and inviting the new reincarnation to Khalkha to be enthroned,all formed a complete process.On the basis of previous studies using related archival documents in the First Historical Archives of China and the Central Archives of Mongolia,this article gives a detailed account of the reincarnation of the third to eighth Jebtsundamba Khutugtu in Tibet,reveals the details of the institutional arrangements made by the Qing Dynasty to implement this policy,such as the cooperation between the Dalai Lama,the Panchen Lama,and Regent in Tibet,the work done by Lifan Yuan,the Tibet-stationed Minister,and Minister of Xining Affairs,supports from Tibet,Qinghai,and Inner Mongolia,the various difficulties encountered when going from Khalkha to Tibet,the long-distance and the environmental difficulties,the allocation of manpower and material resources among the Four leagues and the Khuree,and the influence on Khalkha’s economy,etc.,and analyzes the reasons why the Khalkha khans and princes was against the reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu in Tibet based on specific historical facts.The article points out that the Qing government unswervingly implemented the policy of the separation of administration and religion,pushed the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu to reincarnated in Tibet,stopped the trend of the unity of politics and religion in Khalkha and emerging disputes among khans and princes for the reincarnation,and ensured Khalkha’s social and political stability.At the same time,it also made the fourth leagues of Khalkha and the Khuree of Jebtsundamba pay hardships for the reincarnation which formed a heavy burden on the economy.Besides,the article also points out that the event of the reincarnation of Jebtsundamba Khutugtu made the four leagues of Khalkha work together which turned the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu into the central figure to unite the four leagues of Khalkha.In conclusion,this article,through the detailed research on the reincarnation procedures from the third to the eighth Jebtsundamba Khutugtu,reveals the control and regulation of the Qing court on the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu and his reincarnation and the influence of the reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu on Khalkha.