Study On The Relationship Between Khalkha And Oirad In16-17^THCentury

Khalkha and Oirad, the two big tribes, are the important component part of the Mongolian community. Oirad who has a long history had been active in Mongolian history since Yuan dynasty established by Mongolians. Oirad made a huge contribution in the unification war of Genghis Khan and built a generation marriage with Mongolian Royalty. In the struggle for Mongolian king between Khobilai and Aribuhe, Oirad supported Aribuhe. After defeated, in order to fight against Yuan dynasty, Oirad supported Haidu, the descendant of Ugedai, who controlled central Asia. In the period of Northern Yuan Dynasty, Oirad became powerful and prosperous and they help the descendant of Aribuhe fight against the descendant of Khoblai Khan for the control of Mongolian highland. Tohon and his son Esen once controlled the whole Mongolia. Later Oirad declined and defeated by Eastern Mongolia, then moved to Western Regions and gradually disappeared from Mongolian history. Khalkha is one of the Mongolian six Tu men of Northern Yuan Dynasty. It consists of twelve Otogs controlled by two sons of Dayan Khan. After Uriyanghai Tumen was divided up, seven Otogs of Khalkha gained a adequate space for development and gradually moved westward and began to border on Oirad of Western Regions. There was a war for a century between seven Otogs of Khalkha and Oirad since16th century. After Govin Emun Mongolia submitted to Qing Dynasty, both Khalkha and Oirad encountered the severe situation due to the threat from Qing Dynasty. Under the influence of Gelugpa, Khalkha and Oirad hold a ceremony in1640to make an alliance to resist Qing Dynasty. In1688defeated by Galdan, the leader of Jungar, Khalkha surrendered to Qing Dynasty. That means the Khalkha-Oirad alliance terminated. The study on the relationship between Khalkha and Oirad is critical to the studies on the history of Ming and Qing Dynasty as well as the history of Mongolia. Historians of nationality usually attach more importance to the relationship among deferent nationalities and ignore the relationship among the deferent parts of a nationality. Based on Manchu and Mongolian archives In inner Secretary Institute of Qing Dynasty(qing nei mi shu yuan dang) and Mongolian House in Inner Office of Qing Dynasty(qing nei ge meng wen dang an), This thesis studies the relationship between Khalkha and Oirad systematically and comprehensively, through taking advantage of the former studies.The thesis consists of five parts,"introduction " introduces the value of the subject, former studies, innovation of the paper and research methods etc. in order to clarify the history of the relationship between Khalkha and Oirad, Chapter1"relationship between Khalkha and Oirad in13-16th century" introduces the relationship between Khalkha and Oirad in the period of Yuan Dynasty. The thesis considers that the struggle between Khobilai and Aribuhe is not only the beginning of the disruption of Mongolia but also the origin of the conflict between Eastern Mongolia and Oirad. Chapter2"formation and development of the opposite situation between Khalkha and Oirad " discusses the process of the West Wing of the Khalkha Ttimen occupying the land of Uriyanghai Tumen and become an independent Khalkha Ttimen. Later the West Wing of the Khalkha Tumen led by Anda Khan attacked Oirad for several times. In the result, Oirad was driven away from the territory of Kuikun and Zavhan River. After that the conflict between Oirad and Eastern Mongolia became the conflict between Oirad and Khalkha. Chapter3"Oirad and Khalkha in the first half of the17th century", the main part of the paper, presents systematically the background and process of the establishment of the alliance of Oirad and Khalkha and testifies such events in detail as:Khalkha and Qing Dynasty invited the Dalai Lama together, Gelugpa’s activities between Oirad and Khalkha and Jasagt Khan’s resistance against Qing Dynasty. Chapter4"the relationship between Oirad and Khalkha in the period of internal conflict of Khalkha" talks about the internal conflict of Jasagt khan tribe occurred in late1850s, which finally led to the civil war of Khalkha. In1666Senge the Oirad leader interfered the Khalkha affair, therefore the internal conflict became the war of Oirad and Khalka. In1688Galdan’s troops attacked the East Wing of Khalka. On September1688Tushiad Khan and Jibzundamba surrendered to Qing Dynasty. In1691, Khalkha became vassal part of Qing Dynasty officially. Therefore the relationship between Oirad and Khalkha became the relationship between Oirad and Qing Dynasty."Final Note" concludes the thesis and introduces the progress, innovations and weakpoints of the thesis.