"Return To Marx" In Philosophy Of Mind

The problem of mind is a long-standing philosophical problem,and the philosophy of mind which focus on it has become a popular and prominent study in contemporary western philosophy.Although classical Marxism writers have never written a single work on philosophy of mind,they have actually elaborated a large number of philosophical thoughts of mind in the process of constructing their "new materialism.Since Marxist Philosophy is an open system that keeps pace with the times,therefore,based on the fundamental context of contemporary philosophy of mind,it is undoubtedly an important step for us to uphold and develop Marxist philosophy by reexplaining the modern meaning of Marx’s philosophy of mind and actively building a philosophy of mind system that conforms to the basic principles of practical materialism.For a long time,the mainstream paradigm of western philosophy of mind has been the analytical philosophy of mind based on naturalism,which is completely different from Marxism philosophy in terms of theoretical standpoint,narrative logic and value pursuit.Therefore,blindly adopting a method of"bringing doctrine"and interpreting the thoughts of Marxist classical writers’ philosophy of mind purely in accordance with the research paradigm of analytical philosophy of mind can only cover up or even distort the true face of Marxism philosophy of mind itself.For this reason,it is both an opportunity and a challenge for every Marxism theorist to make use of the outstanding achievements of contemporary western philosophy of mind to enrich and develop Marxism theory of consciousness effectively.In this sense,of which phenomenological philosophy of mind Gallagher set up with practical philosophy purport,it is not only in terms of narrative logic,research ideas and the Marxism philosophy have theoretical approximation or affinity,and the basic concept of practice and communication practice materialism has become Gallagher’s core category to construct the phenomenological philosophy of mind.In this regard,we have every reason to think that phenomenological philosophy of mind is a kind of philosophy of mind"return to Marx",is a new paradigm of philosophy of mind toward Marxism.Therefore,it is of great academic value to comprehensively and systematically restore and reconstruct the whole face of phenomenological philosophy of mind.On the one hand,it helps us to grasp the spiritual essence and core characteristics of phenomenological philosophy of mind as a whole and then make us have a clearer understanding of the basic context of the development of contemporary philosophy of mind.On the other hand,it can not only provide us with a lot of ideological nourishment for enriching and developing Marxism theory of consciousness,but also provide a reliable direction for us to construct a philosophical system of mind which conforms to the basic spirit of Marxism philosophy.On the whole,Gallagher’s phenomenological philosophy of mind is of a grand academic style,which not only has very original insights into macroscopic philosophical questions of mind,such as the view of mind and methodology,but also has innovative thoughts and answers to microscopic philosophical questions of mind,such as the question of consciousness,the question of self,and the question of other minds.Moreover,this brand-new philosophical paradigm of mind is also very systematic because Gallagher not only expounds a holistic view of mind or a picture of mind at the macro level,but also applies this view of mind to the solution of micro-philosophical problems of mind,such as the problem of consciousness and the problem of self.On the macro-level,Gallagher draws on the profound insights of the classical phenomenologists on the mind and fuses them into the enactivist paradigm which is advocated by the second generation of cognitive science,thus constructing a holistic enactivist view or picture of mind.According to this new view of the mind,the mind is not confined to the brain,but is a dynamic coupling process of body-world-environment.Thus,the revelation of psychological phenomena cannot take a purely abstract and transcendental perspective,but must be based on contextualized actions or practices to understand and grasp the real characteristics of psychological phenomena.Obviously,the contextualization method advocated by Gallagher is actually a method of philosophical research of the mind oriented to practical materialism,a kind of"return to Marx" in the sense of philosophy of mind.At the same time,Gallagher also positively expounds the basic research agenda of phenomenological philosophy of mind,namely,naturalized phenomenology.In his view,the complexity of the mind has already predetermined that the revelation of psychological phenomena cannot rely on naturalism or phenomenology alone,instead must integrate the two organically.He also basically agrees with the attempts of analytical philosophers of mind to naturalize mental phenomena,but he believes that in order to achieve this theoretical goal,we must have a clear grasp of the inner structure and basic phases of mental phenomena themselves in order to make it possible.From the micro dimension,Gallagher also takes the enactive view of mind as the theoretical weapon,and applies it to the diagnosis and solution of the micro philosophy of mind,such as the problem of consciousness,the problem of self,other mind problems and so on.It is on this basis that Gallagher creatively put forward various influential philosophical theories of mind,such as Theory of Pattern Self and Interaction Theory.On the issue of self,Gallagher based on generating socialist spiritual outlook to scan and self problems in the research,combing the current philosophy of mind and points out the various self study plan there is a serious theoretical flaw in the methodological approach of the various current research proposals on self.in methodology theory flaw.Because of the way they use to reveal the basic characteristics of the self based on an abstract,context-dependent approach,thus ignore the various situational factors on the meanings and functions of self concept formation.In addition,he reintegrated various self theories popular in philosophy of mind according to Pattern Theory,and then explained and revealed the essence of self.On the issue of consciousness,Gallagher and Zahavi jointly developed a phenomenological approach to consciousness and self-consciousness theory.Although the study of consciousness along the naturalistic path has undoubtedly become the mainstream of consciousness research in the current philosophy of mind,it still has a long way to go in Gallagher’s opinion.Because in order to truly realize the naturalization of consciousness phenomenon,it is necessary to have a clear understanding and grasp of the basic structure,internal composition and overall appearance of consciousness.In this sense,he and Zahavi creatively put forward a phenomenological approach to consciousness and self-consciousness theory by restoring and reconstructing the theoretical insights of classical phenomenologists on consciousness.At the same time,they also made a strong criticism of the present popular representational theory of self-consciousness in philosophy of mind,and defended a phenomenological approach of self-consciousness theory,namely Pre-reflective Self-consciousness Theory.On the problem of other mind,Gallagher not only clarifies and sorts out the various dilemmas faced by "Theory of Mind" in explaining other mind problems with the help of the generative mind view,but also directly expounds a kind of perception scheme of other mind which is full of the purview of practical philosophy.According to his interactionism scheme,in daily life,we always directly understand the mind of others in specific situational practice,i.e.,we perceive others’psychological states in direct interaction or communication with others.Obviously,this kind of interactionist scheme is very consistent with the basic principles of practical materialism,since both emphasize the understanding of the other in concrete practical relations.At the same time,the phenomenological philosophy of mind constructed by Gallagher is of great inspiration to the theoretical innovation of Marxism philosophy.It not only helps us to explore and explain the modem implication of Marxism consciousness theory,but also has a very important reference value for us to construct a philosophical system of mind which conforms to the basic spirit of Marxism philosophy.In terms of the former,phenomenological philosophy of mind actually provides us with a brand-new perspective to interpret and explain Marxism theory of consciousness,and enables us to make a creative interpretation of Marxist theory of consciousness based on the fundamental principles of practical materialism.Meanwhile,the research results of phenomenological philosophy of mind on consciousness can even become the direct ideological nourishment or theoretical material for us to enrich and develop Marxism theory of consciousness.As far as the latter is concerned,phenomenological philosophy of mind can actually be the reference coordinate or reference system for us to construct the system of philosophy of mind that conforms to the basic spirit of Marxist philosophy.Since the theoretical cornerstone of Gallagher’s phenomenological philosophy of mind correctly is the formation of socialist view of mind or heart,and this kind of concept of mind because the practice materialism initiated by Marx has theoretically characteristic of approximation or affinity,therefore critically drawing lessons from and absorbing Gallagher construction reasonable idea of phenomenological philosophy of mind,we can construct a mind philosophy system in conformity with the basic spirit of Marxism philosophy,thus freeing up the hearts of the philosophical quality of Marxism philosophy and we will finally actualize the innovation and development of Marxism theory.