"Shackles" And "Liberation":Research On Marx’S Tought Of Human Emancipation

Taking “shackles” and “emancipation” as key words,this paper interprets the uniqueness and value logic of Marx’s thought of human emancipation.The relationship between “shackles” and “emancipation” is Marx’s question about how and how human emancipation is possible.“Shackles” includes not only the old philosophy and bourgeois economic theories,but also the reactionary thoughts and the “shackles” of capitalist society that Marx faced when he explored the question of human liberation.Marx believed that the intrinsic relationship between these two “shackles” lies in that only when he “clarified”the “shackles” of thinking,could he critically reference these theories and thoughts,“unshackled” them in thinking beyond traditional materialism and idealist philosophy,and construct a way of thinking based on practice to grasp the world.Then,on the premise of revealing and criticizing the "shackles" of capitalist society,the paper expounds the historical trend of the inevitable demise of capitalism.To clarify how Marx reveals the development logic of capitalist society and the “shackles” of exploiting and enslaving human beings is the basis for us to understand how Marx reveals the possibility of human emancipation on the basis of revealing the internal relations of social and historical development,and also the premise for us to understand why Marx’s criticism directly pointed to capitalist private ownership,and in what dimension Marx reveals the non-utopian nature of human emancipation.Marx took the realization of human emancipation as his philosophical aim.In Marx’s view,“the problem is to change the world” that is the problem how to completely realize human liberation.Then,how to grasp the “world” as the object of criticism is directly related to how to realize Marx’s philosophical purpose.Based on the change of philosophical thinking realized by “practice”,Marx clarified the relationship between man and the world,as well as the existential precondition of “realistic individual”,thus establishing the research object and research method of new philosophy.In Marx’s view,"changing the world" means changing the relationship between man and the world,and re-establishing the mode of production and way of life belonging to man.In this way,Marx regards the practice and its relations that determine the existence mode of the “real individual” as the logical starting point and the object of criticism of the problem of human liberation.And the establishment of the object of criticism triggered Marx’s reform of Hegel’s dialectics.Marx believed that Hegel’s dialectics solved the problems of human alienation and human freedom and liberation,and to solve this problem in the real world,we must sublate Hegel’s way of thinking,because Hegel confined dialectics to the logical category,realized the unity of subject and object with ideas,but excluded the real object from dialectics.The establishment of Marx’s materialist dialectics made the concept of dialectics realistic,which provided a new research method for the problem of human liberation and the criticism of political economy.On this basis,Marx began to criticize the “shackles” of capitalist society,confirming that the“shackles” of capitalist society not only lie in the deprivation of surplus value of workers by capital,but also in the enslavement and domination of people by the“abstract ruling”.On the premise of insight into the development law of the self-denial of capitalist society,Marx clarified the conditions,paths and purposes of human emancipation.In Marx’s opinion,“human beings always only put forward the tasks that they can solve”.Under the premise of high development of productive forces,the pursuit of human freedom and liberation becomes the needs of human beings.Fundamentally,the realistic conditions for human liberation include the conditions created by the two sides of class struggling and the self-revolution,that is including not only the historical conditions for the formation of highly developed productive forces and universal communication relations,but also the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in the game struggle,the bourgeoisie gradually moved to the opposite side of history,and the proletariat gradually became capable of undertaking the historical mission of human liberation.For carving a path of human liberation,Marx believes that there is no fixed eternal formula for the path of human liberation,the proletariat of various countries need to carve the path of liberation based on the actual conditions of their own countries,so the proletariat of various countries need to combine the basic principles of historical materialism with the actual situation of a country’s development to promote the cause of human liberation.Western European countries represented by Britain have completed political liberation,but they have not really realized human liberation,so they need to go through the liberation path from political liberation to social liberation,while eastern underdeveloped countries can explore a different liberation path from western developed capitalist countries through the liberation path of “striding across Crafting Gorge”.This thought has important enlightening significance to the development of the road in contemporary China.Carving the liberation path of“striding across crafting gorge” in China also requires deepening the understanding of the general law of human history development and the special law of national development,not sticking to specific conclusions and fixed patterns,but constructing the development mechanism beyond the logic of capital and the realistic conditions leading to the communist society under adhering to constant reform.History shows that the proletariat needs to gradually grasp the complex struggle situation through the experience of class struggle for many times,so as to understand its own historical mission in practice,and then show the truth and legitimacy of its own replacing the bourgeoisie with victorious revolutionary results.Therefore,class struggle is the fundamental way for communism to transform from “spirit” into “entity”.The struggle goal of the proletariat is to turn the capitalist society upside down,to remove the rule and slavery of the capital logic and the mechanism of the capital movement,to sublate the reliance relations of people on goods,so as to realize the development of everyone’s free personality.In other words,the purpose of human liberation is to eliminate capitalist private ownership and construct production relations based on public ownership,so as to construct a new life style of common development between man and man,between man and society,and between man and nature under the precondition of forming universal social interests.