| Dual task paradigm is often used to explore the relationship between attention and memory.It has been found that the interference task in the encoding stage would significantly reduce the subsequent memory performance,but the interference task in the retrieval stage will not have a significant impact on the memory performance.Therefore,researchers suggested that " memory retrieval is in some sense ‘protected’,so that cognitive resources are allocated ‘automatically’ to retrieval processing "(Baddeley et al.,1984A;Craik et al.,1996;).However,Huang and Meng(2020)reported a surprising variation in the usual small negative impact of DA at retrieval.Their study also used a dual-task paradigm in the test phase,with subjects performing an irrelevant target detection task while completing a recognition test.The results indicated that attentional resources regulate recognition.In their experiment,the participants initially studied a series of words.A few minutes later,they completed a conjoined recognition and target detection task.In this task,participants were asked to press a response button when the target symbol appeared and take no action when the distractor symbol(‘-’)appeared.Meanwhile,they were asked to respond ‘old’ if the word in question had been present in the study session and to respond ‘new’ if the word appeared for the first time.The results showed that participants were easier to recognise old words when accompanied by the target symbol.Therefore,the effect of old words accompanied by the target symbol was significantly more robust than that of old words accompanied by the distractor symbol.It is generally believed that there are different attention resource requirements between target and distraction in target detection tasks(Swallow & Jiang,2010,2012).Therefore,it seems that the memory retrieval will be regulated by attention resources within task(Huang & Meng,2020).This paper was interested in whether the target detection task will affect the memory retrieval from the changes of attention resources? If so,how does the change of attention resources within the target detection task affect memory retrieval?This paper answered the above questions through three studies.In Study 1,three experiments were carried out.The reason for the effect of target detection on recognition was preliminarily studied.The experiment mainly adopted the paradigm of learning and recognition,which includes three stages: learning,distraction and recognition.In the recognition phase,participants were required to perform the target detection task and perform the recognition task simultaneously.Experiment 1 was completed based of Huang and Meng(2020).Differently,the target detection stimulus was replaced by color square to remove the possible meaning confusion with reference to studies about target detection tasks in the encoding stage(Swallow & Jiang,2010,2011,2013),and the full attention(FA)condition was added as the baseline condition.In Experiment 2,the proportion of old and new words in the retrieval stage was adjusted to 1:1 to eliminate the reaction tendency caused by the high proportion of old words in Experiment 1.In Experiment 3,the vocabulary presentation time was extended to 1.5s and 3s to eliminate the possible impact of rapid processing in Experiment 1.Together,study 1 determined that the recognition is indeed sensitive to the dynamic of attention resources,and the target detection and distract rejection have different impact on recognition.Study 2 further explored the role of attention boost produced by target stimulus and response inhibition produced by distract stimulus in the effect of target detection on memory retrieval.The experiments were designed by adjusting the ratio between target and distraction.In experiment 4 and 5,the target ratio is small,target detection can induce greater attention promotion.In experiment 6,the proportion of distraction is small,individuals need to pay more attention on response inhibition.By adjusting the ratio between target and distraction,study 2 further clarified the different effects of target and distraction on recognition.On this basis,we suggest that the effect of target detection on memory retrieval may be the result of the interaction between two stimuluses.Whether the effect of target detection on memory retrieval is similar to the temporal yoking in continuous multitasking? Study 3 explored it.In Experiment 7,participants were asked to make recognition response for only old words or new words instead of two choices response.Temporal yoking was occurred when two targets appear at same time.According to this,if new words as target to response in recognition,the impact of target detection on recognition would disappear.The results in experiment 7 rejected the temporal yoking hypothesis,and the impact of target detection on recognition extraction is not regulated by recognition mode.Based on the results of study 1,study 2 and Experiment 7,and referring to previous studies,we propose the attentional yoking theory to explain the impact of target detection on memory extraction.In Experiment 8,the theory was verified by event-related potential(ERP).Through the above research,the following results are obtained in this paper:1.The response bias under target conditions was lower than those under distraction conditions.Specifically,the hit rate of old words under the target condition is significantly higher than that under the distracted condition;The correct reject of new words under the target condition will be significantly lower than that under the distractor condition.This effect is not affected by the characteristics of target detection stimuli,the proportion of old words,and the time of vocabulary presentation.2.The target response will cause the correct rejection of the new word to be significantly lower than the distractor condition,but the difference in the old word is not significant;the distraction stimulus will cause the old word hit to be significantly lower than the old words presented with target stimulus,but the difference in the correct rejection of the new word between the condition of target and distractor is not significant.3.No matter whether the new words or old words were as target in recognize,the hit of old words under the target condition will be significantly higher than that under the distraction condition,and the target detection will also interfere with the correct rejection of new words.The effect of target detection on old and new recognition is not affected by the reaction mode.4.ERPs results showed that target detection induced a large P300 in about 300 ms,but had no effect on memory performance.In ERS and ERD results,when new words and targets are presented at the same time,there will evoke a large θ-ERS change in the frontal lobe at about 1000ms;When old words and distractions are presented at the same time,a largerθ-ERS will be evoked in the frontal lobe at about 1000 ms too.In addition,when the old words and the target are presented at the same time,a large α-ERD will be evoked in the parietal lobe at about 1000 ms.θ-ERS is related to attention decision-making,α-ERD is related to the participation of attention resources on memory retrieval.Above all,this paper shows that the effect of target detection on recognition is different from the attention boost effect(ABE)of target detection in the encoding stage.The results of signal detection theory show that the response bias was influenced by target detection,but the discrimination was not influenced.The effect of target detection on recognition is different between new words and old words,and the target will interfere with the correct rejection of new words;while the distraction can inhibit the hit of old words.We proposed the attentional yoking theory to explain this phenomenon.According to the attentional yoking theory the sharing of attention resources would occur in the process of target detection decision-making and recognition decision-making.When the old words are presented together with the target,or when the new words are presented together with the distraction,attentional yoking will be occurred,and attention resources will be shared with each other.Target detection may even promote the processing of old words;However,when old words with distractions or new words with target were presented together,the dual task will show different needs for attentional,and then there will be interference.This theory provides a new direction for understanding the processing of memory recognition. |
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