Boundaryless And Protean Career Orientations And Career Development In Indonesian And Chinese College Students:The Moderating Role Of Family Constraining Factors

This study was divided into two studies.The first study aims to develop a boundaryless career orientation measurement for colleges student(BCO-CS);and the second study aims(1)to analyze the differences in demographic variables between protean,boundaryless career orientation,vocational identity,future job self-clarity and career decision-making difficulties;(2)to examine the relationship between a new career orientation and identity awareness(3)to examine family constraining factors moderate the relationship between protean career orientation and the identity awareness;(4)to examine vocational identity mediates the relationship between protean career orientation and the future job self-clarity and career decision-making difficulty with moderating variable family constraining factors;(5)to examine family constraining factors moderate the relationship between boundaryless career orientation and the identity awareness;and(6)to examine vocational identity mediate the relationship between boundaryless career orientation and the future job self-clarity and career decision-making difficulty with moderating variable family constraining factor.Research method in the first study,a boundaryless career orientation measurement for college students(BCO-CS)was mainly developed.It is based on the question items in the scales of Briscoe et al.(2006)and Porter et al.((2016)with modification,adaptation,and development.Respondents of this study were 471(Indonesian)and 365(Chinese)students.The analysis in developing the instrument uses qualitative analysis based on the evaluation results from experts.It is followed by quantitative analysis using the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis methods;In the second study,we uses hierarchical regression method with 543(Indonesian)and 372(Chinese)students were collected through the questionnaire survey method.Based on the sample data of the two countries above,multivariate regression analysis is used to test the hypothesis of variable relationships.In addition,we uses qualitative methods to support the finding and research result with 23 Indonesian students(male: 9;female: 14)and 23 Chinese students(male: 14;female: 9).Qualitative research mainly uses interview methods and combines open questionnaires to collect qualitative data.The result for first study show that exploratory factor analysis found 22 measurement items,including two dimensions: boundaryless mindset and organizational mobility preference.The cumulative interpretation of the total variance of the two factors for students was 34.2%(Indonesian students)and 41.2%(Chinese students).The measurement has good internal consistency confidence with Cronbach’s alpha for the dimension of boundaryless mindset was0.95(Indonesian and Chinese students)and the dimension of organizational mobility preference was 0.88(Indonesian)and 0.87(Chinese).While the research results of second study show that(1)gender and residence different influence on protean,boundaryless career orientation,vocational identity,future job self-clarity and career decision-making difficulties for Indonesian and Chinese students;(2)new career orientation is positively associated with vocational identity and future job self-clarity,but is negatively associated with career decisionmaking difficulty for Indonesian and Chinese students;(3)parental career expectation moderates the positive relationship between protean career orientation and vocational identity,but the negative relationship between protean career orientation and career decision-making difficulty for Indonesian and Chinese students,while family obligation moderates the positive relationship between protean career orientation toward vocational identity and future job selfclarity for Indonesian students but wasn’t moderates for Chinese students;(4)vocational identity mediates the relationship between protean career orientation and future job self-clarity and career decision-making difficulty with moderating variable family constraining factors for Indonesian and Chinese students;(5)parental career expectation moderates the positive relationship between boundaryless career orientation and vocational identity,but the negative relationship between boundaryless career orientation and career decision-making difficulty for Indonesian and Chinese students,while family obligation moderates the positive relationship between boundaryless career orientation toward vocational identity and future job self-clarity for Indonesian students but wasn’t moderates for Chinese students;(6)vocational identity mediates the relationship between boundaryless career orientation toward future job self-clarity and career decision-making difficulty with moderating variable family constraining factors for Indonesian and Chinese students;Finally,additional qualitative research has further found that family constraining factors restrict college students’ vocational identity,future job self-clarity and career decision-making difficulty.College students from Indonesia and China have similar cultural and personality characteristics that value family and parental attitudes,which can easily lead to obedience to their parents.Indonesian students are more on Eastern culture while Chinese students are a combination between Western and Eastern cultures.Therefore,career compromise is an effective coping mechanism for overcoming conflicts or pressures between college students’ internal values or external factors(such as family and parents).