A Study On The Social And Economic Changes Of Zhenyuan Prefecture During The Ming And Qing Dynastie

After the Ming Dynasty entered Guizhou,it set up Zhenyuan,Biaqiao and Qinglang in Zhenyuan area to garrison,promote ox plowing and recruit people to cultivate the fields,and the social economy of Zhenyuan had a certain development.Because Zhenyuan is located in the Si State,Sinan Xuanwu Si mutual denunciation,poisoning the people,Yongle eleven years(1413),the Ming dynasty abolished the Si State Xuanwu Si and Sinan Xuanwu Si,the establishment of Guizhou Province,Zhenyuan Province,thus completing the Zhenyuan area of the "reorganization of the land return to the stream".Since Zhenyuanfu was located at the junction of Hunan and Guizhou,its geographical position was crucial,and Zhenyuan Prefecture became an important distribution center for commodities on the Yunnan-Guizhou and Hunan-Guizhou postal routes,and merchants used the postal routes to transport materials to the Hunan,Yunnan and Guizhou regions,which contributed to the emergence of Zhenyuanfu’s commerce.In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,Zhenyuanfu recruited immigrants to reclaim land and build water conservancies,which led to the development of agriculture.At the same time,Zhenyuanfu dredged the rivers and opened Zhuge Cave,which enhanced the transportation capacity of the rivers,and the commercial tax revenue was steadily ranked at the forefront of Guizhou Province.Due to the change of the policy of "preventing Miao" in the middle and late Ming Dynasty,the trade between "Miao and Han" in Zhenyuanfu gradually emerged,resulting in some new changes in the customs of the Miao people.With the social and economic changes,Zhenyuan City also gradually changed from a "military town" to a "commercial town".With the development of social economy,the relationship between Miao and Han gradually changed from ethnic relations to economic issues.The policy of Zhenyuanfu in dealing with the relationship between Miao and Han also gradually changed from "blocking" to "dredging".In the first and middle period of the Qing Dynasty,the land and water transportation in Zhenyuanfu area was further improved,and the commercial function of the city was highlighted.Zhenyuanfu in the city construction,the formation of "six cards,nine cities and twenty wharves" spatial pattern,commercial and economic prosperity.Due to the fact that Zhenyuanfu has many mountains and few fields and produces limited food,the rice and grain produced could not be self-sufficient and needed to be purchased from abroad,and the development of the rice and grain market grew stronger and stronger.The development of commerce provided a channel for Zhenyuanfu to collect taxes.Zhenyuanfu set up a customs post to collect tariffs,but due to the seasonal nature of the commercial tax,the income in spring and summer was not enough to cover the expenditure,while there was quite a surplus in fall and winter.With the existence of grass-roots markets in Zhenyuanfu and the growth of intermediate markets,the market of the city radiated from Hongjiang in the east to Qianzhong in the west,and from Qianbei in the north to Qiannan in the south,and the regional central market was formed and developed,and Zhenyuanfu became the economic center of the eastern part of Guizhou.The impact of the "Hantong conflagration" was that the land of Zhenyuanfu was deserted,commerce was stopped abruptly,people were displaced,and the social economy was destroyed.After the "Hantong Miao Rebellion",the agricultural economy of Zhenyuanfu underwent a new change,i.e.,the cultivation of new cash crops was popularized.At the same time,commerce gradually regained its former glory.The establishment of Qingxi Iron Factory in Zhenyuan marked the beginning of modern industry in Guizhou.The rise of the "Eight Families" of merchants gradually dominated the commercial development of Zhenyuan Province.Due to the influx of immigrants in the Qing Dynasty,the problem of land disputes became more and more serious,and many private contracts were made by the people because of land disputes.The development of social economy promoted the establishment of many temples and guilds,and after the dynastic power entered Zhenyuanfu,many temples with orthodox rituals were established.The migration of merchants and immigrants led to a new development of guilds and temples,which in turn brought about the formation of multi-god beliefs.A large number of guilds and temples became the bond of cohesion of the local community.The tolerance and openness of Zhenyuanfu laid the foundation for the transformation of local society in modern times.