Research On The Gender Dividend Of Women’s Non-agricultural Employment From Poverty-relief Households

The income gap between urban and rural areas is a realistic manifestation of unbalanced development,and it is also an important problem that needs to be solved urgently to realize common prosperity in our country.Under the condition that other factors of production occupy a relatively fixed position,the utilization of labor force is the most important variable to determine the income level of farmers,which is particularly important for farmers to get out of poverty.Because of the long time it takes to invest and accumulate human capital,how to tap the existing labor potential of the poor households is an important concern.Based on the theory of population transformation,family economics,population economics,regional economics,family labor supply theory,labor mobility theory,the paper defines the poverty-relief households,female non-farm employment,gender dividend,risk of returning to poverty,etc.,constructs the gender dividend analysis framework of female non-farm employment from the family and social dimensions,depicts the current situation of female labor supply and its dividend,and analyzes the factors affecting the female non-farm employment of poverty-relief households.The family income effect and social welfare effect of female non-farm employment in poverty-relief households are verified,and the policy proposals to promote female non-farm employment of women out-of-poverty households are put forward on this basis.1.The main content of the study:(1)Through the definition of the core concepts of gender dividends,non-farm employment of women out of poverty,put it in the external environment of political factors,market conditions,social factors and environmental characteristics,and construct a theoretical analysis framework from the two dimensions of family income effect and social welfare effect according to the flow state of female labor force of poverty-relief households;(2)To incorporate the non-farm employment of female labor force in the system change of female status and employment,to compare the population structure of the poverty-relief households and the female labor force returning to poverty-relief households as the basis for measuring the number of female labor force in the poverty-relief area,and then to measure the gender dividend by using the all-factor production function model;(3)Based on short-term panel data and cross-sectional data,a theoretical model is constructed to verify the impact of non-farm employment of female labor force on different household income and family risk of return to poverty;(4)From the market,community,individual,family four levels to promote the poverty-free households female non-farm employment policy.2.The main conclusion of the study:(1)Under the macro background of "not getting rich first",the age structure of the rural population shows the trend of "childlessness","rapid aging" and "aging of the labour force",but the household registration statistics show that the poor households are still in the window period of the population dividend,but the "feminization" characteristics of the resident population of the poor households are obvious,and even in recent years there has been a phenomenon of rural men and women’s labor force upside down;(2)There are significant gender differences in nonfarm employment of households out of poverty,and female non-farm employment brings obvious dividends to farmers,but is affected by factors such as their own conditions,family characteristics and external environment,especially the burden of non-labour force obviously inhibits the release of gender dividends;(3)Female non-farm employment in poverty-stricken households can not only effectively promote the growth of household income,that is,it has an income effect,but also narrow the income gap between farmers,effectively curb the risk of returning to poverty,that is,social welfare effect;(4)The current rural industrial system is still unstable,absorption capacity has greater volatility,it is difficult to provide enough employment opportunities to meet the remaining women in the local employment;3.The main point of view of the study:(1)To optimize the reality that the transfer income of farmers in the poverty-relief area is close to 30 percent in the income structure of farmers in the poverty-relief area,the increase of the proportion of wage income of farmers who depend on labor should be the main channel to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation;(2)The allocation and utilization of female labor force in poverty-relief households is an important way to tap the labor potential of poverty-relief households.The modernization process has changed the traditional family structure,but the division of labor among families out of poverty makes the non-farm participation rate of women not high.In other words,the surplus female labor force of the poor households can make more contribution to the family economy,which is one of the important ways to increase farmers’ income,narrow the income gap between farmers and curb the risk of returning to poverty.(3)The release of the gender dividend of female non-farm employment in poverty-relief households is influenced not only by the division of labor of families but also by the strength and weakness of the rural industrial system.The rural public service system is still the weak link in our country,and it is urgent to steadily increase the absorption capacity of rural industry.Only in this way can we balance the livelihood of farmers with the responsibility of family care;(4)To speed up the release of the gender dividend in the non-farm employment of women out of poverty,the key lies in re-examining the economic value of unpaid care,alleviating the burden of non-labour in lifting out poor households,paying more attention to health and skills investment,and enhancing the absorption capacity of women’s wage employment in the rural industrial system.4.Policy recommendations of the study:(1)Re-examine the economic value of women’s unpaid care and explore the socialization of domestic work in low-income households.Integrate the value of care into the national economic accounting system,explore support schemes for low-income household caregivers,and recognize the economic and social values of family carers.We will develop a certification system for care professionals,qualification access and industry standards,increase training in female labor care skills for low-income farmers,develop and develop jobs suitable for women aged 40-60,open private capital to rural care industries,increase the supply of care in the market,promote the diversification of care services,and create employment opportunities for the absorption of female workers from low-income rural groups.(2)To consolidate and strengthen the rural industrial system and promote the balance of employment opportunities between urban and rural areas for women.Deepening and extending the agricultural industry chain constitutes a multi-composite industrial structure,building a number of small and medium-sized towns with characteristics in the development of urban and rural integration,so as to promote rural revitalization and narrow the gap between regions and populations,make good use of the existing "pro-poor workshop" "big sister workshop" and other development of manual processing,characteristic breeding,rural tourism,e-commerce,home-based production and processing services and other positions;(3)Speed up the equalization of public services in rural areas and relieve the burden of relief for poor households.We will comprehensively promote the construction of rural care and nursing centers,alleviate the burden of non-labour force,such as "old,weak,sick,disabled and school" for farmers,especially those who are out of poverty,integrate all kinds of agricultural-related funds,implement full-scale custody of agricultural production for poor households,and improve the participation rate of nonfarm employment in the family healthy labor force;(4)Pay more attention to women’s health skills and improve the human capital stock of the poor households.We will integrate and utilize existing data resources,establish a database on the management of major and chronic diseases among women,strengthen the collection,analysis and management of chronic diseases for women who have been lifted out of poverty,and carry out special prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in a local manner.We will actively respond to the aging situation of the poor and deepen the reform of the content and model of vocational training for rural women’s labor force.