Research On The History Of Critical Thought Of Marx's Political Economic

The criticism of political economy provides an important perspective for understanding Marx’s view of practice and its contemporary significance.The formation of Marx’s critical thought of political economy is rooted in the historical movement of the development of western modernity.Its development has gone through five important stages.To grasp it,we need to start from the two dimensions of "reality" and "realization"."Reality" is based on the Scottish Enlightenment free market economic development reality,the essence of economic reality is labor and its alienation of the universal relationship,labor and capital opposition.Why does Marx’s thought keep returning to the real economy? That is,the fact that the proletariat exists all the time calls for Marx’s thinking to be grounded.In other words,the survival of the proletariat prompts Marx to "realize" the goal of human liberation.Therefore,"realization" means the transcendence of reality,namely the transcendence of capital,and Marx’s analysis of "reality" is not limited to philosophical speculation or social textual research on the accumulation and distribution of wealth,but to generate a comprehensive research paradigm of Marx’s criticism of political economy in the anatomy of the phenomenon of capital spirit.The essence of his thought is "the pursuit of economic ’political and philosophical realization’".Marx’s critical thought of political economy had epoch-making significance and profoundly changed the course of history and the world pattern in the 20th century.It is not enough to study Marx’s thought only from the philosophical speculation of materialism and idealism.It is pseudoscientific to regard the western mainstream economic paradigm as the only solution.It should be based on the realistic contradiction of social development,clarify the economic law and historical law of the social production mode,and criticize the capitalist social relations from the ontology of social ontology.Awaken the alienated and materialized people,guide the development of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics with the height of historical philosophy and the depth of practical materialism,and pursue economic justice and historical progress as a whole.Ilyn Fitcher pointed out: "Marx’s aim is always to ’criticize political economy’,which means not only to criticize the capitalist mode of production,but also to criticize its theoretical reflection in the theory of bourgeois national economy."The gist of Marx’s critical thought of political economy is practice,which is reflected in two aspects: reality and realization.The essence of Marx’s critical thought is "the pursuit of economic ’political and philosophical realization’",its ideological method is philosophy’s inquiry into economics,its ideological clue is "criticism of weapons" and "weapons of criticism",and its ideological category is the opposition between capital and labor.The depth of his thought is reflected in the opposition between capital and spirit.The conflict between economic reality and abstract theory prompted Marx to pay attention to the relationship between civil society and the state.His thinking object focused on the "non-civil social class of civil society"--the proletariat,with the realization of proletarian liberation as the ideological traction.Marx reflected on national economics from the philosophy he was good at,constantly colliding abstract theory with economic reality.His inquiry into the historical depth and reality of labor and private property prompted Marx to complete the "criticism of weapons",namely the philosophical revolution,and to establish historical materialism and practical materialism,expressing the transcendence of "theory of practice" over "theory of ideas".The criticism of political economy by the new philosophy is thorough and revolutionary.Marx transformed the world outlook of the new philosophy into methodology,returned to the forefront of the world economy,internalized philosophical thought and politics in the systematic analysis of capitalism,founded the scientific proletarian political economy,and wrote Das Kapital in 40 years.Once this "spiritual weapon" is mastered by the proletariat,it has the realistic revolutionary power of combining knowledge and practice.This paper summarizes Marx’s critical thought of political economy and summarizes it into five stages according to the logic of historical development.The first stage was from March to September 1843,which was the starting point of Marx’s critical thought of political economy.The core proposition of Marx’s critical thought of political economy is that civil society decides the state.After breaking away from the leftist Hagel Movement in 1842,Marx began to focus his vision on real economic activities,namely the category of civil society,in the Rheinische Zeitung period,faced with the confusion of material interests.In 1843,in Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,he criticized Hegel’s rational state view,believing that civil society determines the state.It’s worth noting that at this stage Marx was already concerned with the importance of private property.The political system,at its highest stage,is the system of private property.The second stage was from October to December 1843,which was the class stance of Marx’s critical thought of political economy.Its central proposition is that "the lightning of ideas" strikes "the people’s garden".Marx stopped writing the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right and rethought and wrote the introduction.Marx found such a special group in the civil society,that is "the civil society class of the non-civil society class",namely the proletariat.The proletariat is the subject of historical practice,revolutionary,material power and ideological weapon.At this stage Marx first articulated his political realization: "the lightning of ideas" hit "the people’s garden".The third stage was about 1844.The core of Marx’s critical thought of political economy was the opposition between labor and private property.During this period,Marx deeply studied and criticized the alienation of labor.Marx’s alienation thought was influenced by Rousseau,Hegel,Feuerbach,etc.,and realized the ideological sublimation from religious alienation to political alienation and then to labor alienation.In the Paris Manuscript period,Marx paid more attention to the study of political economy and grasped the most important realistic relation of labor--it was not capitalists supporting workers,but workers supporting capitalists.It reveals the historical logic that dissimilated labor leads to private property and the historical philosophical thought that communism can be achieved by sublating private property.The recriticism of Hegel constructs his logic of sublating alienated labor and private property and finally realizing communism,namely "the realization of human reality".The fourth stage is about 1845-1848.This period is the ontological criticism of social ontology of Marx’s critical thought of political economy.Its core idea is "criticism of weapons" : the opposition of "theory of ideas" and "theory of practice".From "abstract man" to "real man",from the historical scientific investigation of industrial history,monetary history,exchange history and history of exchange,as well as the transcendence of all old philosophy,Marx formed his own scientific research paradigm,that is,the comprehensive research framework of historical materialism and dialectics.In the Brussels period,Marx’s questioning of reality rose to the ontological height of social ontology,criticized the old philosophy based on the historicized development of economic relations,and completed the birth of the philosophical revolution,namely the historical materialism.He also tried to directly criticize political economy with the new philosophy for the first time,and put the new world view into the revolutionary program of the proletariat all over the world.To express his political belief in the inevitable demise of capitalism and the inevitable victory of communism.The fifth period was about 1849-1883.During the London period,Marx’s understanding of the reality of capital came to light due to the philosophical revolution.He condensed the new philosophy into a methodology to guide the criticism of political economy.Based on the demonstration and reflection of the frontier of capital for decades,he wrote the key to decode the capitalist society--Capital.The core idea of this stage was to use the weapon of criticism to decipher the gene of capital.The completion of Marx’s critical methodology of political economy was about1857-1859,based on the application of the scientific paradigm of historical materialism to direct criticism of political economy,that is,"from abstract to concrete" and "unity of logic and history".This marks the completion of Marx’s "critical weapon",and also shows that his political economy critical thought system is perfect and mature.Although Marx planned several drafts of his critique of capitalist society,the introduction and preface of the Critique of Political Economy summarized the writing structure and methodology,"The anatomy of civil society should be sought in political economy."The publication of Das Kapital indicates that Marx’s critical thought of political economy has reached its peak.Its subtitle "Criticism of Political Economy" is Marx’s concise scientific research paradigm for decades,which provides detailed microgeneration and historical rules of capitalist society for proletarian political economy.From individual to general,from micro to macro,Marx made a profound analysis of the category of capital in four dimensions,revealing the historical positive role of capital and the negative consequences of anti-humanity.In capitalist social activities,no matter material labor or spiritual labor,they all suffer from the capital’s seat,and the alienation of spiritual labor is more serious.From the inner negation principle of capital,Marx draws the conclusion that the contradiction of modernity and the spiritual infringement on the proletariat are embodied in three opposition relations: the opposition of capital and labor,the opposition of capital and socialization,and the opposition of capital and spirit.