| Entrepreneurship plays an important role in creating employment,increasing residents’ income,reducing poverty and improving residents’ well-being,and rural entrepreneurship is of great significance to increasing farmers’ income and realizing common prosperity.As a special entrepreneurial group,rural women’s entrepreneurial activities can have immeasurable social value in promoting their own development,eliminating gender inequality and even boosting economic and social development.Because of their cross-pluralistic identities,rural entrepreneurial women are faced with the double constraints from rural regional culture and women’s gender roles.In the process of starting a business,they are faced with difficulties such as insufficient entrepreneurial cognition,lack of entrepreneurial skills,poor entrepreneurial resources,narrow social network and gender bias.Therefore,studying rural female entrepreneurship has become a research topic with theoretical and practical significance.At present,the research on rural women’s entrepreneurial learning mainly focuses on the evolution of entrepreneurial subjects’ learning behavior,the development and discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities and the management of new ventures.In addition,from the perspective of learning methods,the hot spot and focus in the field of entrepreneurial learning is experiential learning,which is an important way of entrepreneurial learning.However,for rural women’s entrepreneurship,it is not entirely applicable to improve their entrepreneurial ability through experiential learning: on the one hand,experiential learning itself has certain defects,because personal experience is always limited,and personal cognition inevitably has different degrees of prejudice,which leads to experiential learning not always achieving the ideal effect,or even bad effect;On the other hand,most rural female entrepreneurs are under the dual constraints of farmers and women’s identities,and they are extremely short of educational resources and previous entrepreneurial experience,and do not have sufficient conditions to improve entrepreneurial activities and performance through empirical learning.Compared with other types of entrepreneurs,the characteristics of rural female entrepreneurs in entrepreneurial learning are not only to acquire entrepreneurial knowledge and skills,but also to change their attitudes,concepts and thinking in continuous learning.For rural female entrepreneurs who lack previous educational resources and entrepreneurial experience,they rely more on alternative learning based on social networks.In all kinds of social relations,the long-term traditional thought of "the man is the master and the woman is the master" has adversely affected the development of rural women’s social network.The scope of rural women’s activities is more confined to the family,clan and neighborhood.Compared with men,rural women’s social network is often underdeveloped and centered on the family.Therefore,entrepreneurial learning from within the family,that is,alternative learning from the family,plays an important role in rural women’s entrepreneurial learning and ability improvement.In order to make up for the deficiency of the existing research,this paper,based on the theory of entrepreneurial learning,discusses the deep role of family entrepreneurial experience in rural women’s entrepreneurship,and tries to answer the following four questions in the specific situation of rural China: First,does family entrepreneurial experience have an impact on rural women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities? Do the entrepreneurial experiences of nuclear family members and non-nuclear family members have different effects on rural women’s entrepreneurship? Second,how did the family entrepreneurial experience affect rural women’s entrepreneurship? What is its mechanism of action? Thirdly,with the change of environment,rural women are inevitably influenced by the pressure of traditional clan and the thrust of modern digital inclusive finance.Will the influence of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurship be strengthened or weakened? In addition,China is a vast country,and different regions are at different stages of development.Will the traditional pressure and modern thrust on rural women be different in different regions? Fourth,what kind of social value does rural women’s entrepreneurship bring? In order to solve the above problems,this paper explores and tests the research problems through exploratory case studies,taking Peking University China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2014,2016 and 2018,Peking University Digital inclusive finance Index(PKU-DFIIC)(2011-2020)and Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Thousand Villages Survey Project as research samples.The research content is divided into seven chapters.The first chapter is the introduction.This paper introduces the research background,theoretical background and significance,research ideas and methods,research content and research framework,as well as research innovation;The second chapter is the literature review and theoretical foundation construction of entrepreneurial learning theory,female entrepreneurship,rural entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship.This paper combs the relevant theories and research,and points out the necessity of exploring the mechanism of rural women’s entrepreneurship from the perspective of family based on entrepreneurial learning theory.The third chapter is an exploratory case analysis of family entrepreneurial experience and rural women’s entrepreneurial activities,and studies the influence mechanism of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurial activities;The fourth chapter is an empirical analysis of the influence and mechanism of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurship,which examines the influence of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurship and the difference between the influence of family members’ entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurship.Further,it verifies the unique internal mechanism of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurship,that is,entrepreneurial learning from family and family support for entrepreneurship;The fifth chapter is the analysis of the strengthening and weakening factors of family entrepreneurial experience affecting rural women’s entrepreneurship.From the strengthening and weakening of family entrepreneurial experience,it verifies the regulatory role of modern power-digital inclusive finance and traditional power-clan network strength,and further explores the comparison of the strengthening and weakening roles of modern power and traditional power in eastern and central and western China;The sixth chapter is an empirical analysis of the social value of rural women’s entrepreneurship,focusing on the social impact of rural women’s entrepreneurship,and discovering and verifying the role of rural women’s entrepreneurship in improving rural women’s social status and weakening the concept of son preference in rural areas;The seventh chapter is the research conclusion and prospect,which summarizes and sorts out the research conclusion and contribution of this paper,and points out some limitations and future research prospects of this paper.The conclusions are as follows:First,from the family level,the family entrepreneurial experience of rural women entrepreneurs can affect rural women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities.This study shows that family entrepreneurial experience will have a positive impact on rural women’s entrepreneurship and make them more likely to participate in entrepreneurial activities.And after controlling the influencing factors of individuals,families and villages,this conclusion still holds.In addition,this paper further studies the differences in the influence of entrepreneurial experience of family members with different kinship on rural women’s entrepreneurship.The results show that the entrepreneurial experience of family members with closer kinship has a greater influence on rural women’s entrepreneurship.Second,family entrepreneurial experience can enhance rural women’s entrepreneurial learning within the family and family support for entrepreneurship.The research in this paper shows that entrepreneurial learning within the family plays a part in mediating the relationship between family entrepreneurial experience and rural women’s entrepreneurial activities.On the one hand,family entrepreneurial experience can promote rural women’s entrepreneurial learning within the family;On the other hand,entrepreneurial learning within rural women’s families can improve rural women’s entrepreneurial level.The family’s support for entrepreneurship has partially mediated the relationship between family entrepreneurial experience and rural women’s entrepreneurial activities.On the one hand,family entrepreneurial experience can improve the support of rural women’s families for entrepreneurship;On the other hand,the degree of family support for entrepreneurship can improve the entrepreneurial performance of rural women.Thirdly,the influence of family entrepreneurial experience is significantly influenced by the traditional strength of clan network and the modern strength of digital inclusive finance.This study shows that clan network strength weakens the role of family entrepreneurial experience and the positive relationship between family entrepreneurial experience and rural women’s entrepreneurship;Digital inclusive finance strengthens the role of family entrepreneurial experience and the positive relationship between family entrepreneurial experience and rural women’s entrepreneurship.Fourthly,rural women are influenced by traditional forces and modern forces with different intensities.This study shows that in the eastern region,clan network strength has no moderating effect on the relationship between family entrepreneurial experience and rural women’s entrepreneurship,while in the central and western regions,clan network will weaken the positive influence of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurship,and the weakening effect of clan network strength in the central and western regions is more obvious.In the eastern region,the strengthening effect of digital inclusive finance and its coverage is more obvious,while in the central and western regions,the strengthening effect of digital inclusive finance total index is not obvious.Fifth,rural women’s entrepreneurship will not only bring economic value,but more importantly,it will bring social value.This study shows that rural women’s entrepreneurship can significantly enhance their social status and weaken the concept of patriarchal in rural areas.This paper verifies this view through data,indicating that entrepreneurship can not only bring economic value to rural women,but more importantly,it brings social value to rural women.The contribution of this paper is as follows:First,this paper does not take ordinary entrepreneurs,start-ups or industries and macro-environment as the analysis objects.This paper focuses on rural women,a vulnerable group,and based on the specific situational characteristics of rural society in China at this stage,constructs a multi-motivation model about rural women’s entrepreneurship from the unique perspective of rural women,which not only reveals the causes of rural women’s entrepreneurship from the family level,but also enriches the research results about the causes of rural women’s entrepreneurship to some extent.In addition,this paper takes "family" as an important analysis unit,and introduces the family entrepreneurial experience as an important influencing factor into the study of rural women’s entrepreneurial behavior,and empirically analyzes the real state of rural women affected by their families,which is the application of rural women’s entrepreneurial research in the actual decision-making situation and has certain new ideas.Secondly,this paper expands the theory of entrepreneurial learning.In the past,the research on entrepreneurial learning often focused on individual entrepreneurial learning and organizational entrepreneurial learning.This paper applies the situation of rural women’s entrepreneurial activities to entrepreneurial learning theory.Because rural women are faced with the double cross-constraints of rural regional culture and women’s gender roles,rural women often face difficulties such as lack of knowledge and skills,cognitive defects,lack of experience,poor learning resources and narrow social networks in the process of starting a business.Therefore,it is of great significance for rural women to acquire knowledge and skills and build their entrepreneurial identity through entrepreneurial learning within their families.This paper develops the concept of family entrepreneurship learning,understands the internal mechanism of rural women’s entrepreneurship from the perspective of family entrepreneurship learning,and explains that family members’ entrepreneurial experience supplements the shortcomings of rural women’s education and promotes rural women’s entrepreneurial activities through family entrepreneurship learning.Thirdly,this paper supplements the family influencing factors of rural women’s entrepreneurship from the family level.The existing research,whether from micro,meso or macro perspective,ignores the factors of family’s previous entrepreneurial experience behind rural women’s entrepreneurial activities.Due to the long-term constraints of the etiquette culture formed within the clan on rural women in rural areas and the concept of "the man is the master and the woman is the master",rural women should focus more on their families and take care of their family members,and should not go out to show their faces,which makes the social network of rural women limited to families,clans and neighbors,especially families and clans.However,the existing research ignores the family,which is a very important learning source for rural women,and is often limited to the emotional support of the family for rural women’s entrepreneurship.This paper supplements this important gap in the influence of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurial learning and perfects the family influencing factors of women’s entrepreneurship.Fourthly,this paper quantifies the social value of rural women’s entrepreneurship.The existing research on rural women’s entrepreneurship is more about business entrepreneurship,focusing on its economic value.Besides its economic value,rural women’s entrepreneurship has brought many social values,such as promoting their own growth,improving their social status,weakening the concept of son preference,etc.Therefore,this paper quantifies the social value of rural women’s entrepreneurship from a new perspective of social entrepreneurship.In the past,even though the research focused on the social value of rural women’s entrepreneurship,it was mostly based on qualitative research such as case analysis,and there were only a handful of quantitative studies on the social value of rural women’s entrepreneurship.This paper showed the social impact of rural women’s entrepreneurship through quantitative research on the promotion of rural women’s social status and the weakening of the concept of son preference in rural areas.There are some limitations in this study,and there is still room for expansion in the future: First,this paper puts forward the important influence mechanism of family entrepreneurial experience on rural women’s entrepreneurial activities based on entrepreneurial learning theory,that is,family entrepreneurial experience promotes rural women’s entrepreneurship through entrepreneurial learning within the family,but it is limited by the availability of data,and has not made an empirical test on entrepreneurial learning outside the family.In the future,we can supplement other empirical data of entrepreneurial learning outside the family to study the influence of entrepreneurial learning outside the family on rural women’s entrepreneurship and whether there are differences in the influence of entrepreneurial learning inside and outside the family on rural women’s entrepreneurship.Secondly,due to the limitation of research focus and data,this paper does not pay attention to the organizational background factors of rural female entrepreneurial enterprises(such as enterprise scale,age,etc.).Generally speaking,with the increase of enterprise age and difficult experience,the entrepreneurial behavior of entrepreneurs may be reduced.Therefore,in the future,we can further study how the family entrepreneurial experience and individual characteristics are related to the duration of rural female entrepreneurial enterprises.Thirdly,the industry types of rural women’s entrepreneurial activities should also be the direction of further research.Because of the different resources,abilities and creativity required by different industry types,the matching between family entrepreneurial experience and rural women’s entrepreneurial activities is also worthy of further study.In the future,we need to deeply understand what kind of family entrepreneurial experience,entrepreneurial activities in a certain industry will become a suitable career choice for rural women,and to what extent it will produce the match between individuals and families.Finally,the applicability of the research conclusions to non-agricultural female entrepreneurs and the effect evaluation of relevant support measures also need to be further explored in the future. |
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