An Empirical Research On The Measurement And Influence Factors Of Multidimensional Relative Poverty In China

The issue of poverty restricts people’s freedom and puzzles the sustainable development of economy and society.It has always been a weakness and pain point in the process of human development and social progress.After 2020,with the elimination of absolute poverty,China’s anti-poverty cause has entered a new stage-the governance of relative poverty.At this stage,China is still facing many practical problems,such as the expansion of relative income gap,the intensification of income inequality and the severe situation of relative income poverty,which has increasingly become a stumbling block on the road of high-quality economic development and common prosperity.Therefore,carrying out in-depth research on relative poverty will not only help the Party and the state comprehend the relative shortage of urban and rural families and have a grasp of the development differences within and between regions,but also provide important value insights for the sustainable development policy in the post well-off era.At the same time,it is the only way for the Communist Party of China to alleviate the main social contradictions in the new era,and also the objective requirement for the Communist Party of China to realize the development achievements for all the people to share.It is more of the political commitment of the Communist Party of China to fulfill the second Centennial goal and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.In the new era,as an advanced stage of China’s anti-poverty cause,the identification standard and Governance Countermeasures of relative poverty need to pay more attention to the multidimensional upgrading of “quality” and “quantity”.The limitations of the identification standard of single income dimension will be further highlighted,and the identification standard of poverty should reflect the connotation of “relative deficiency”.Therefore,it is particularly necessary and urgent to construct the index system and identification standard of multidimensional relative poverty in China,explore its influential factors and build governance mechanism.It is a strong response to consolidate the achievements of poverty-alleviation in China at the present stage and deeply explore the current situation and process of relative poverty reduction in China,which has great theoretical and practical significance.Then,how to set the index system and identification standard of multidimensional relative poverty in China? What is the state of multidimensional relative poverty in China? What are the influencing factors of multidimensional relative poverty in China? How to realize the long-term governance of multidimensional relative poverty in China? This study is based on a series of issues concerned by political and academic circles that need to be discussed in depth.This study follows the research idea of “raising problems-analyzing problems-solving problems”,adopts the research methods of literature analysis,qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis,normative analysis and empirical analysis,combines the research technical route of “literature analysis-theoretical analysis-Empirical Analysis-countermeasure analysis”,and discusses the relevant problems of China’s relative poverty governance at the present stage from the perspective of Amartya Sen’s feasible capability theory.That is,to explore the index system,identification criteria,influential factors and governance mechanism of relative poverty in China.On the basis of expounding the background,significance,objectives,contents and methods and the definition of core concepts,as well as reviewing the existing relevant studies at domestic and foreign countries,this study will be framed and constructed from the perspective of feasible capability: measure the state of lack of feasible capability-explain the influential factors of lack of feasible capability – improve the governance mechanism to feasible capability(see Chapters 1 and 2).Specifically speaking,this study includes the following main contents and conclusions.The first is the construction of multidimensional relative poverty index system in China(see Chapter 3).Based on the theory of feasible capability,this thesis constructs China’s multidimensional relative poverty index system,including the basis and principle of index system construction,dimension(index)selection,threshold,weight setting and the judgment standard of poverty type.The results show that:(1)the research of multidimensional relative poverty index system in China presents three characteristics.Firstly,the construction process of the index system is strictly based on the objective reality of our country;Secondly,the construction process of the index system strictly follows Sen’s feasible capability theory;Finally,the index system fully learns from and absorbs the excellent research results of existing scholars.(2)Based on Sen’s feasible capability theory,this thesis constructs China’s multidimensional relative poverty index system including income and welfare dimensions,including 5 primary dimensions,8 secondary dimensions and 15 tertiary indicators.(3)According to the standard of relative income poverty at home and abroad,the connotation of relative poverty and China’s national conditions,set the threshold of each index,and assign the weight of each dimension(index)by using the artificial neural network method.Finally,according to the number of index deprivation,China’s multidimensional relative poverty is divided into four types: marginal type,mild type,general type and serious type.The second is the measurement of multidimensional relative poverty in China(see Chapter 4).Using AF method,combined with the data of China’s household tracking survey in 2014,2016 and 2018,this thesis measures China’s multidimensional relative poverty.The results show that:(1)the problem of multidimensional relative poverty is more prominent in China,but the number of multidimensional relative poor families suffering from extreme severe deprivation is relatively small;The breadth and depth of multidimensional relative poverty in rural areas are higher than those in urban areas;On the whole,the relative poverty rate and poverty index of the whole country,urban and rural areas,four economic regions and provinces show a trend of “decreasing first and then rising”.(2)The degree of multidimensional relative poverty in the four regions is basically consistent with the level of economic development;Among the four major economic regions,the economically underdeveloped regions are more vulnerable to indicator deprivation and fall into multidimensional relative poverty;Some provinces are inconsistent with the results of regional decomposition,and there is a high degree of multidimensional relative poverty in provinces in relatively developed regions;China’s multidimensional relative poverty shows significant imbalance,and there is a polarization phenomenon of multidimensional relative poverty in provinces(regions).(3)The contribution rate of 15 indicators can be divided into four grades from high to low: the first grade is the disposable income index;The second level is the indicators of years of education,health level and medical expenditure;The third level is housing conditions,organizational participation,financial assets,young people entering school,job security,job satisfaction and information acquisition indicators;The fourth level is information communication,speech rights and interests,durable consumer goods and water and electricity indicators.(4)In China,there are mainly marginal,mild and general multidimensional relative poverty;The number and population proportion of the four types of poverty in the rural sample are higher than those in the urban sample.The third is the micro influence factors of multidimensional relative poverty in China(see Chapter 5).Taking “individual-family-structure” as the micro explanatory variable and four kinds of multidimensional relative poor families as the explained variable,this thesis uses logit model to explore the micro impact factors of multidimensional relative poverty in China.The results show that:(1)From the individual level,the higher the education level of the head of household,the better the health level and the more stable the marital relationship,the stronger the strength to resist multidimensional relative poverty,so as to reduce the probability of falling into multidimensional relative poverty;Male heads of households do not have an absolute advantage in resisting multidimensional relative poverty,and female heads of households also have certain gender advantages.(2)At the family level,the larger the family size in rural,Western and Northeast China,the more vulnerable they are to multidimensional deprivation and fall into poverty;The probability of urban families and families in the West and northeast regions falling into multidimensional relative poverty with more elderly people is higher than that in rural areas,Eastern and central regions;The more unemployed families are,the more likely they are to fall into multidimensional relative poverty,mainly marginal and mild multidimensional relative poverty;The eastern and central regions are relatively more likely to fall into multidimensional relative poverty due to unemployment;Families in towns,Eastern,central and northeast regions with better social relations are more likely to get out of multidimensional relative poverty.(3)From the structural level,rural families,especially those in western rural areas,are more likely to fall into multidimensional relative poverty;The greater the gap between the rich and the poor is,the easier it is to fall into multidimensional relative poverty,and the urban families are more significantly affected by the variable of the gap between the rich and the poor;The family environment can have a significant positive impact on China’s multidimensional relative poverty.The fourth is the macro impact factors of multidimensional relative poverty in China(see Chapter 6).Take the “five-sphere integrated plan” as the macro explanatory variable,and take the poverty index when the index deprivation quantity is 5/15 in every province as the explained variable,the thesis adopts geographic probing model and exploratory spatio-temporal interaction model to seek macroscopic influential factors.The results show that:(1)the driving factors of the five plates are prominent,and the cultural plate and social plate are the main driving factors of multidimensional relative poverty in China;The driving factors of urban and rural areas and the four major economic regions have certain heterogeneity and volatility.(2)The interaction of the factors of the five plates belongs to the“double factor enhancement type”,and the interaction of the political and economic plates,the political and ecological plates,and the economic and ecological plates is the most significant,with an average of 68.09%,47.09% and 44.42%.(3)The local pattern of multi-dimensional relative poverty in China’s provinces has a significant law of evolution with time.The relative length of the time path shows a gradual upward trend from the east to the middle,northeast and West;In the overall spatial distribution,the curvature of the time path shows a pattern of decreasing from the southwest and northeast to the periphery;In terms of temporal and spatial transition,the path dependence characteristics of multi-dimensional poverty distribution in China’s provinces are more obvious.(4)There is a certain degree of space-time competition in the evolution of multidimensional relative poverty between adjacent provinces.China lacks the necessary provincial collaborative governance in the process of alleviating multidimensional relative poverty.Based on the above research conclusions,the thesis builds a long-term governance mechanism to alleviate multidimensional relative poverty in China(see Chapter 7).The long-term governance mechanism of multidimensional relative poverty in China includes the governance ideas,principles,paths and Countermeasures of multidimensional relative poverty.(1)Adhere to the governance ideas of Classified Governance(divided into urban and rural areas,four economic regions,provinces and marginal types,mild types,general types and severe types of poverty),collaborative governance(urban-rural synergy,four economic regions synergy,provinces synergy,standards synergy,policy synergy and multi-agent synergy)and multi-dimensional governance(political,economic,social,cultural and ecological sectors).(2)Adhere to the fundamental interests of the people and the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China as the governance principle.(3)Take five instrumental freedoms as the governance path,effectively protect individual political rights and interests,improve individual economic conditions,increase individual social opportunities,and improve individual protective security and transparency guarantee.(4)In order to improve the individual’s feasible capability as the content,the mechanism implement the coordinated Governance Countermeasures with the individual as the core,the market as the platform,the society as the support and the state as the leading.