Methods For Multidimensional Relative Poverty Measurement And Development Path Optimization Of The Counties And Villages In Gansu Province

The effective elimination of poverty is a long-term challenge faced by all countries in the world.The complete solution is the dream of people all over the world.In China,the government has always been committed to promoting the implementation of poverty reduction policy.Meanwhile,a tough battle against poverty has been launched and initial victories have been achieved,which means that the task of eradicating absolute poverty has been accomplished.The victory of poverty alleviation indicates that China has entered a new period.In this new period,the elimination of absolute poverty has shifted to the elimination of relative poverty as well as the elimination of income poverty has shifted to the elimination of multidimensional poverty,i.e.the mode of poverty eradication is changing from the elimination of absolute poverty to the elimination of relative poverty.During the 14 th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)in China,the government in Gansu Province faces arduous tasks in consolidating and expanding the fruitful achievements along with poverty alleviation and eliminating relative poverty.For instance,the sprawl of central cities has caused lots of problems like the imbalance of urban-rural dual structure.In addition,the fragility of the natural environment in cold and arid regions leads to appear the risk of becoming poor and returning to poverty in some areas.Counties and villages are the main bodies of responsibility for poverty alleviation in the perspective of poverty alleviation.As a whole,the spatial distribution characteristics,regional differentiation and structural evolution of poverty alleviation counties and poverty alleviation villages in Gansu Province reval complex geology characteristics because they are affected by many factors.Therefore,it is importantly urgent to construct a multidimensional index system from the two scales about county and village to identify multidimensional relative poverty.The current situation of resource endowment is analyzed in multi-dimensional spaces like the economy,society,and natural ecology in relatively poor counties and relatively poor villages.At the same time,the causes of poverty and return to poverty are analyzed in poverty-stricken counties and poverty-stricken villages and the factors affecting development,too.This is because it has important theoretical value and practical significance for Gansu Province in consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation at the county and village scales,which means that the gap between regional development is narrowed as well as the comprehensive development of the regional economy and society will be realized.So far,many scholars have carryed out a large number of researches about multidimensional poverty at different scales and achieved fruitful results,but some shortcomings still exist(e.g.the lack of quantitative research in multi-dimensional relatively poor areas and the poor applicability of development and optimization methods).Therefore,this paper sorts out the existing research with regard to the connotation,spatial measurement,impact factors and path optimization of relative poverty.The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach(SLA)model is utilized to construct an indicator system for multidimensional relative poverty measurement in poverty alleviation counties.Multidimensional relative poverty areas are recognized and their spatial correlations are calculated.Both the theory of spatial poverty and the human-land relationship and fuzzy set theory are introduced to construct the Village Multidimensional Poverty Index(VMPI)and analyze the spatial distribution between heterogeneity and spatial dependence of relative poverty villages.The spatial distribution features and dispersion degree of villages are disscussed rely on the DEM model,K-means,and M-MDS methods.And impact factors of the spatial fractal are explored dependent on SPM and Pearson/ Kendall/ Spearman methods.The "Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response"(DPSIR)model,poverty index,landscape fractal dimension,and other geographic detection methods are introduced to review the spatial transformation features and regular pattern of territorial differentiation of poverty alleviation counties,and the transformation effects and mechanisms of poverty alleviation counties are explained.A multidimensional development index system is constructed to evaluate the development status of the counties’ poverty elimination.The coupling coordination degree model is utilized to discuss the factors affecting the development of poverty alleviation counties from a multidimensional perspective.The chief contents and conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:(1)The coincidence degree is 65.71% and 77.14%,respectively,between the average nighttime light index of the counties of poverty elimination and the relative poverty counties and severely impoverished counties at the national level recognized by the sustainable livelihood index.This indicates that the recognition of the sustainable livelihood index is more accurate.It can be seen that the spatial agglomeration distribution of multi-dimensional relatively poor counties tends to be consistent compared with the two recognition methods.The multidimensional relative poverty counties are clustered in the southwest of Gansu.This indicates a west-to-east stepped distribution characteristic and exhibits spatial non-uniformity.In Gansu Province,76% of the poverty alleviation counties are multidimensional relative poverty,most of them are recognized as multidimensional light relative poverty counties.They are distributed in all corners of Gansu.Severely relative poverty counties from a multidimensional perspective are concentrated in the eastern Longnan mountains and the Loess Plateau in Longzhong.The well-developed non-relative poverty counties are distributed in the Hexi Corridor.The spatial distribution of relative poverty is characterized by differences,unevenness,and "main core area + secondary core area" in the villages out of poverty in Gansu Province.The relative poverty level is related to among the degree of poverty return and natural conditions,geographical location and economy.The distribution pattern of the impoverished districts is sparse in rural areas in Hexi Corridor,is polycentric in Longzhong Loess Plateau,Longdong Loess Plateau,and Longnan mountains,and is subcentric in Gannan plateau.There is a strong global spatial dependence on the degree of poverty alleviation and return to poverty in the villages out of poverty.The concentrated distribution of H-H and L-L in local areas.The trend of agglomeration in the southeast of Gansu,the distribution pattern of dispersion in the northwest of Gansu.The chief factors for the occurrence of relative poverty is the geographical location(distance from the county),low-income level due to poor labor force ratio,and the frequency of natural disasters in the poverty-stricken villages in Gansu Province.Significance indicators include the frequency of natural disasters,per capita net income,labor force ratio,the ratio for the number of households in the village that are poor due to disease,the ratio of incomplete junior high school education,and the ratio of the number of households occurring in poverty due to distance from the county.(2)The slope,slope variation rate,and slope direction variation rate of poverty alleviation villages in Gansu Province are more volatile,the elevation variation degree is lower.Thus,it is concentrated in the "medium-high" terrain location in both vertical space and horizontal direction.In addition to the slope variation and slope direction,the distribution pattern of the poverty alleviation villages is characterized by a step by step "agglomeration +dispersion".The SPM results illustrate a normal distribution of elevation,while a left-skewed distribution of slope,surface roughness,topographic relief,and slope variability variables in the deprived villages.In other words,The greater the change in slope variability,the smaller the change in surface roughness.The relationship between the terrain factor data and the Moran index is a positive spatial correlation,and the degree of similarity between Euclidean and Mannish distances clusters significantly and presents a stepwise spatial distribution.K-means clustering method indicates that the cluster centers generally exhibit high values of clustering with slope more than 15°,surface roughness more than 1.05,topographic relief more than 110,slope variability more than 4.9,slope direction variability more than 89 and slope direction located in between 170 and 190.According to the Pearson/ Kendall/ Spearman correlation between VMPI values and the PCA results of with terrain factors,the key impact factors of the spatial distribution of poverty alleviation villages are slope,slope variability,and terrain relief.Spatial agglomeration,village and town integration,industrial integration,ecological protection,and easy relocation are the development to achieve classification and promotion.(3)The regional laws of poverty index and poverty reduction performance in poverty alleviation counties and districts in Gansu Province possess a spatial differentiation pattern of high in the east and low in the west.The number of relocated households and the number of people relocated illustrate obvious spatial characteristics of "land increase and population decrease" in poverty-stricken villages.The spatial changes of the poverty-stricken population are concentrated and show the characteristics of stepped spatial transfer.The changes in the number and shape of relocated households indicate the characteristics of dispersion and change,reflecting the uncoordinated relationship between people and land in the poverty alleviation counties and districts under the social and economic differences in different regions in Gansu Province.The change rate of the landscape fractal dimension showed a step-like spatial feature of "less change in poverty alleviation counties in the west,and more change in the middle and east" and the change center in the central region decreased to the surrounding areas.The spatial autocorrelation of the evolution characteristics of the poverty alleviation counties indicates that rural settlements are in a state of high-value change,with obvious dependence on the development of geographical elements,and at the country scale,they show random,differential distribution and changing agglomeration,which shows that there is an urgent need to improve the rural spatial structure.(4)The poverty alleviation counties and districts in Gansu Province have a total of 64 indicators in 8 dimensions.According to the results of the comprehensive evaluation of multi-dimensional development,it can be seen that the comprehensive development of the poverty alleviation counties and districts is not coordinated,showing the phenomenon of "aggregation + dispersion".The leading factors in the formation of the spatial types of the eight dimensions are economic level,industrial structure,infrastructure,public services,resource endowment,scientific education,environmental conditions and social structure.The development power of poverty alleviation counties and districts comes from natural background and government effect.The development of poverty alleviation counties is driven by the natural background and the role of the government.The geographical types of the poverty alleviation counties are divided into 3 types of areas: coordinated,imbalanced and declining.Four modes of multidimensional promotion,multidimensional development,single dimension assistance and multidimensional assistance are summarized from the perspective of different types of coupling coordination degree.The corresponding paths and strategies in term of different modes should be implemented by poverty alleviation counties.The main innovations of this paper are as follows:(1)The poverty alleviation counties and villages are regarded as the empirical objects in Gansu Province,and the index system of multi-dimensional relative poverty measurement is introduced to recognize the relatively poor counties and villages in Gansu province.(2)Fuzzy set theory was introduced under the guidance of spatial poverty and human-land relationship theory.A multi-dimensional relative poverty measurement model for poverty alleviation rural areas is constructed to propose an optimal path for advancing classification.(3)The "Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response"(DPSIR)model was introduced to construct a multi-dimensional development evaluation index system,and the coupling coordination degree model was utilized to analyze the factors affecting the development of poverty alleviation counties and districts from a multi-dimensional perspective.The development paths and optimization method of poverty alleviation counties and districts in Gansu Province.