| Anti-poverty is an eternal theme of the human society.From a historical perspective,the absolute poverty has been perplexing human development for a long time.From the global point of view,the problem of relative poverty will remain in all corners of the world for a long time,until the communist society is truly realized.Based the actual conditions of China,it has come to the stage of historical development that needs to tackle the problem of relative poverty in an all-round way.Firstly,with the precise poverty alleviation continuously deepening,China is about to complete the first complete eradication of absolute poverty for the first time since the Chinese nation's history of thousands of years in 2020.Secondly,in the case of the integral eradication of absolute poverty,our country's poverty alleviation system will be facing the new adjustment.The relative poverty governance will be put on the national agenda to deal with the main contradiction of China's society after the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.The main contradiction means the contradiction between the growing needs of the people and the undeveloped,unbalanced society.Thirdly,the disorder of justice in the community distribution system and the social exclusion of the vulnerable groups have made the social relative poverty exacerbating;therefore,the relative poverty has become an important hindrance factor for the economic and social development of our country.Finally,after the rapid development in the result of the forty years reform and opening,China has leaped into the second largest economy in the world.The public will,public resources should be improved to work on a better living conditions of the relative poverty,so that all the people can share the fruits of reform and development.The new generation of farmer workers is facing more and more prominent relative poverty problem.Farmer workers are important forces in the modernization drive and they have made great contributions to economic and social development.According to the report of the survey on farmer workers in 2016 released by the National Bureau of Statistics,the new generation of farmer workers has become the backbone of farmer workers and plays an important role in urban construction,accounting for 49.7% of the total number of farmer workers in the country,1.2% higher than that of the previous year.Influenced by the comprehensive factors such as individual,environment and institutions,some farmer workers,including the new generation,have fallen into poverty during their work and life in towns.The existence of the relative poverty problem of this group has been predicted and tested by previous researches and preliminary empirical investigations already.The new normal economy has formed a huge potential impact on the stable employment of the group,and its relative poverty is likely to be aggravated.The new generation of farmer workers in a relative poverty state directly affects the individual welfare of the group;furthermore,learning from the experience and lessons of European refugee tide,if the relative poverty problem of farmer workers cannot be effectively solved,there may have a great negative influence on the society development and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Therefore,in the context of the above background,it is very necessary that the theoretical circle should deeply study the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers to provide theoretical guidance and decision-making basis for the practice.Then,how to establish the relative poverty identification system and the relative poverty standard for the new generation of farmer workers? What living conditions does the relative poverty facing? What are the influencing factors of relative poverty and how are they generated? This article starts with these problems that have not been explored in academic circles by now.The following are the main research contents of this dissertations.The first chapter is the introduction,focusing on the research background,the significance,objectives,ideas,contents,the framework,figures,methods,the innovation and deficiencies.The second chapter contains the literature review and basic conceptions.On the basis for reviewing the relevant literature,the second chapter points out the outline and the room of innovation in this study,defining the key conceptions,and putting forward the premise of this paper.The third chapter focuses on the theoretical horizon,a view of capability.This paper holds that the capability theory is a more advanced theory than the traditional poverty cognition.It is a new conception of poverty,which can provide theoretical support for the study of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Under the guidance of the capability theory,the fourth chapter constructs a multi-dimensional relative poverty identification index system for the farmer workers,including the new generation of farmer workers.The system provides a theoretical guidance for measuring the new generation of farmer workers relative poverty.The fifth chapter,basing on the descriptive statistical analysis of the relative poverty for the new generation of farmer workers,has measured the multi-dimensional relative poverty conditions of the new generation of farmer workers,including the incidence of multidimensional relative poverty,the multidimensional relative poverty index,and the contribution of the indicators and dimensions to the multidimensional relative poverty index.The sixth chapter,from the perspective of intergenerational transmission of poverty,explores the formation mechanism of the relative poverty and multidimensional relative poverty of the new generation farmer workers,including the identification of significant influencing factors,the sphere of the influence and the direction of the impact.The seventh chapter continues to find the formation mechanism of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers from the perspective of the vicious cycle of poverty.In this part,there is an irregular circulation mechanism that is an important explanation mechanism for its relative poverty.On this basis,the eighth chapter constructs a mechanism for identifying precisely and assisting the relative poverty of the transient population,including the new generation of farmer workers.The ninth chapter summarizes the main conclusions of the full text and puts forward some countermeasures to alleviate the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.There are six main conclusions in this paper: firstly,the theory of capability is a distinguishing understanding of the essence of poverty,and provides theoretical support for the study of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Also,the capability theory is a cognition more advanced than the traditional one.The Nobel prize winner,Amartya Sen proposed and developed the capability theory in 1980 s,and he emphasized the importance of improving the capability in dealing with the world's poverty problems,including in developed countries.The capability includes two parts: the functional activity and the capability set.There are both differences and connections between the two parts.The differences between the two parts are as following: the exposing state is different.The functional activity is explicit and can be observed directly,while the exposing state of the capability set is partly explicit.So,it is impossible to be observed directly.From the affiliation perspective,the capability set contains functional activities;From the level of implementation,functional activity has been realized already,but limited by the uniqueness of time,only a part of the capability set has been realized.The connections between the functional activity and capability set is that functional activity is an explicit part of the capability set,which reflects the strength of the individual's capability to a certain extent.Furthermore,the implicit part of the set of capability is a functional activity that has not been realized but has the room of free realization.The source of the capability theory can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle's dissertation of “goodness”,and it can also be traced to the theory of “the necessities of life” put forward by Adam Smith.In the thought of “the first thinker of the Millennium”,Marx,about the all-round development of human beings still can be found.Through the capability theory,Sen has made an original view of the essential characteristics of poverty,and his achievement has become an influential method in the process of sustainable development of human society to evaluate and identify the poverty.In this theory,low income in the traditional sense is an external representation of poverty;however,the essence of poverty is the lack of the capability to get a rid of the poor.That refers to a multidimensional poverty,and a relative poverty.Moreover,the capability theory shows the innovation characteristics of diversity,heterogeneity and subjectivity,and the theory has realized the transcendence of the income poverty view,the resource poverty view,the utility poverty view,the right poverty view and the human capital poverty view.It has many inspirations for poverty control,which is manifested in poverty identification,poverty aids,poverty alleviation evaluation.Also,the theory has an important academic value and practical contributions in the field of poverty research,provides a theoretical support for the study of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Secondly,based the 5 dimensions emphasized by the capability theory,including economic conditions,social opportunities,transparency guarantee,protective guarantee and political rights,the multi-dimensional relative poverty identification index system of the new generation farmer workers is constructed,which reflects the various potential aspects of the multi-dimensional poverty of the new generation farmer workers comprehensively,systematically and pertinently.The poverty identification system provides a theoretical guidance to measure the relative poverty of farmer workers accurately,and gives the critical threshold of each index related to relative poverty.Although the pluralism of poverty determines that a complete list of poverty identification is unrealistic,it can be considered that the index system proposed in this study is more comprehensive,systematic and feasible.The identification system reflects the multidimensional phase of the new generation of farmer workers through the review and theoretical analysis of the existing literatures,grasping the principal contradictions and main aspects of contradictions.Thirdly,empirical measurement shows that the new generation of farmer workers is facing serious relative poverty.From the single dimension,the incidence of poverty is much high in professional technology(the incidence of poverty is 86.72%),technical training(86.84%),unemployment insurance(81.55%),industrial injury insurance(76.02%),leisure time(55.84%),modern skill(39.48%)and participation of Trade Union(31.37%).By contrast,from the multi-dimensional point of view,when the 3 indicators are deprived to be defined as multidimensional relative poverty,the incidence of multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation farmer workers reaches 61.30%,and the multidimensional relative poverty index reaches 25.10%.However,when the 5 indicators are all deprived to be multidimensional relative poverty,the incidence of multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers is 35.80%,and the relative poverty index reaches 17.70%.The fact that part of the group is in relatively poverty is supported by figures.Each indicator has different contributions to the multidimensional relative poverty index,and it reveals an obvious heterogeneity.From the trend of the contribution to the multidimensional relative poverty index,there are roughly 4 different trends: the first one is that trend always keeps the high contribution;the second is with the increase of cutoff value,the contribution degree decreases;the third is with the increase of cutoff value,the contribution degree is declining then gradually rising,and the fourth trend is keeping the low tribute.From the mean point of view,the first contribution of indicators to the multidimensional relative poverty index is union accession;and the second is the labor contract;the third indicator is the income level.However,the unemployment insurance and the industrial injury insurance occupy the fourth and fifth.The contribution of each dimension to the multidimensional relative poverty index varies greatly.With the increase of cutoff value,the contribution degree of each dimension to the multidimensional relative poverty index is constantly changing.In conclusion,there are two trends in the whole: the increasing and decreasing contribution with some fluctuation.From the average contribution of various dimensions to the multidimensional relative poverty index perspective,the greatest contribution is political rights,which is followed by protective guarantee and the transparency guarantee,the social opportunities,and the economic condition is at the end.The above results indicate that part of the new generation of farmer workers are facing serious relative poverty.Fourthly,the poverty intergenerational transmission has power to explain the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers,but it cannot sufficiently account for it.This paper from the perspective of intergenerational transmission of poverty explores the formation mechanism of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.In order to compensate for the limitations of existing research that binds the concept of father's generation,this paper divides the concept of father's generation into two parts,from the heterogeneity of father's and mother's perspective,exploring how the parents' endowment affects to the younger generation of farmer workers.The results show that,firstly,both father's and mother's endowment do not have a significant impact on the economic relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Secondly,the demographic characteristics and human capital characteristics,for instance,the gender,professional technical qualification certificates and so on all of them has a significant influence on the relative poverty on the new generation of the farmer workers.The professional technology is the most important indicator.Thirdly,the father's education degree and political affiliation significantly affect the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.However,mother's endowment still has no significant impact on the multidimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Fourthly,the characteristics of the human capital of the new generation of farmer workers,such as educational level,language skills and professional technical qualification certificates,are the important factors to determine whether they fall into or get rid of the multidimensional relative poverty.In conclusion,it can be observed that the parents' endowment has a certain influence on the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers,but the influence of father and mother's endowment on the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers has a significant heterogeneity.The parents' endowment to the younger generation of farmer workers is limited in the relative poverty,which is manifested that only the father's endowment has a significant impact on the multi-dimensional relative poverty,while the mother's endowment does not have.Therefore,the new generation of farmer workers can get rid of the influence of their parents' endowment and the relative poverty trap by improving the capabilities.At the same time,it compares that the intergenerational transfer of poverty is not enough to explain the formation mechanism of the relative poverty generation of the new generation of farmer workers.Fifthly,the vicious cycle between capabilities can effectively explain the formation mechanism of relative poverty generation for the new generation of farmer workers,but this cycle is not regular,integrated.In this paper,taking the three capabilities of health,modern skills and income as examples,tries to verify the formation mechanism of the vicious cycle that about the capabilities of the new generation of farmer workers.The results illustrate that,the level of modern skills and health condition have a significant impact on income relative poverty at the level of 1%;the health condition has a significant positive impact on the relative poverty of modern skills at the level of 1%;the income and modern skills are relevant to health condition at the level of 1%.To sum up,the poverty vicious circle about the capabilities has been basically verified in the relative poverty problem of the new generation of farmer workers.Sixthly,the relative poverty identification and accurate management of the urban transient population,including the new generation of farmer workers,should adhere to the basic principles containing the government leading,the main body of the enterprise,the main community,the social participation and the stimulating vigor,and build the coordinating poverty governance pattern of the government,the market,the community,the society and the poor themselves.From the dimensions of precision identification,precision help and precision management,this paper designs the specific measurement for the identification of relative poverty and the management of the accurate help of the urban transient population,including the new generation of farmer workers.This article holds the points that the criteria for the identification of the relative poverty of the urban transient population should be based on the basic living standard of the city,and the policy for solving the relative poverty of the urban transient population should be comprehensive and classified,with emphasis on the capabilities of economic conditions,social opportunities,transparency guarantee,protective guarantee and political rights.In order to solve the problem,the precise management of the transient population needs to stick with the principles of “getting in,out” and “following the action”.This paper argues that the poverty alleviation of urban transient population needs to be progressively integrated with China's national strength and conditions.The urgent task soon is to integrate the transient population into the scope of poverty relief in China.This work needs to be done mainly in cities instead of the countryside.In the long run,it is the most fundamental guarantee to prevent all potential poor individuals,including the transient population,to fall into the poverty trap,by setting up a thick network of social security protection,and reforming the household registration system to remove the injustice constraints of the household registration by addressing its root causes.This requires to make appropriate adjustments from the strategic level to the distribution of social wealth,and it is a deep reform that touches the interests of all the people.The innovation of this article is mainly reflected in the following three points: first,from the theoretical innovation perspective,this paper has discussed the relative poverty from the view of the capability,and expanded the theoretical perspective of the research on relative poverty mainly from the economic dimension,which enriches the theoretical connotation of relative poverty and provides more scientific theoretical framework.At the same time,this paper also examines the two classical theories in the poverty research field,namely,the theory of intergenerational transmission of poverty and the theory of poverty vicious cycle in the current new generation of farmer workers in China.Based on the poverty vicious cycle theory,the irregular poverty vicious cycle is put forward,and the poverty vicious cycle theory is made a certain amount of enrichment and development.The second innovation point,from the perspective of method innovation,this paper uses the three-stage least squares method(3SLS)to analyze the capabilities of the new generation of farmer workers relative to the poverty vicious cycle,and to find a more applicable measurement analysis method for the empirical test.The 3SLS method is a quantitative analysis method to deal with endogeneity effectively.Based on the two-stage least square method(2SLS),the 3SLS method estimates the moment matrix of the disturbance term of the structural equation modeling firstly,and then uses the moment matrix of the structural equation perturbation term to estimate the coefficient of the whole system equation.When the moment matrix of the structural equation perturbation term is a nondiagonal matrix,there is a correlation between the perturbation term of the structural equation modeling,the results of the 3SLS method have the characteristic of complete information,which is more efficient than the 2SLS method.Thirdly,from the view of content innovation,this paper first has measured the relative poverty situation of the new generation of farmer workers by using the latest domestic data which investigated by the professional social science investigation institutions and provided data support for the practice of relative poverty management for this group.Then,this paper taking the new generation of migrant workers as the observation sample has explored the interaction between capabilities and the relative poverty of the new generation farmer workers in each dimension through theoretical analysis and empirical test,and provided the marginal knowledge contribution for people to recognize the formation mechanism of poverty generation.At last,at the policy level,the fact that the current anti-poverty policy in our country ignores the transient population of the new generation of farmer workers,is put forward.In accordance with the basic principles of “the government leading,the main body of the enterprise,the main community,the social participation and stimulating the vitality”,the relative poverty management thought on the transient population represented by the new generation of migrant workers will be strengthened,and a prospective decision reference is provided for the adjustment and transformation of the poverty management system in China after the entry of the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. |
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