| It is a common problem to coordinate the interests between the development of modern agriculture and the small household farmers in the process of modernization in all counties.For China,a large developing country,it is of particular significance to realize the organic integration between small farmers and the development of modern agriculture.The problem has become a "proposition composition" clearly explicitly proposed by the central government since the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.Under the background of the new era,both the development of modern agriculture and the small farmers themselves have emerged some important new features and new requirements.Based on this,it is of great strategic significance and realistic urgency to deeply study the realization mechanism and deep logic of the organic integration between small farmers and modern agriculture in the new era.Following the research paradigm of Marxist political economy,the research of this paper constructs an analytical framework of "tech-economic logic—institutional mechanism logic" by comprehensively applying Marx’s organizational and institutional theory,Marx and Engels’ agricultural theory,Schultz’s theory of transforming traditional agriculture and Williamson’s transaction cost theory.The basic train of this paper is to follow the basic principles of Historical Materialism: on the one hand,the productivity,the production relations and the economic foundation determined by productivity have objective laws,which play a decisive role in the choice of institutions as superstructure;on the other hand,based on following the objective economic laws,the superstructure can also play an important dynamic role.The tech-economic logic refers to the tech-economic laws of the trend of modern agricultural development and its internal impact on small farmers,which based on the basic principle of the dialectical movement of "productivity-production relations",without considering the intervention and regulation of the state.Specifically,it includes three dimensions: industry,factor and organization.The institutional mechanism logic refers to the internal mechanism of the state regulating and intervening the relationship between small farmers and modern agricultural development through institutional construction based on the dialectical movement of "economic base-superstructure".This institutional mechanism logic is further deconstructed into two levels: first is the decisive institutional logic,second is the realizable institutional logic.The decisive institutional logic refers to the deep logic of the formation and evolution of the national policy direction on small farmers and the development of modern agriculture.It mainly includes two aspects:on the one hand,the relevant institution and policies should be adapted to the tech-economic laws of the development of modern agriculture in the new era and its impact on small farmers;on the other hand,the relevant institution,policies and their implementation effects are affected by the macro-relations such as the stage of national development,the mode of development and the ability of governance.The realizable institutional logic refers to the surface logic of promoting the organic connection between small farmers and modern agriculture by a series of specific institutions,mechanism and policy tools in the new era.Its core is to reshape the relationship between government and market in the field of "agriculture,countryside and farmers" so as to realize the organic combination of effective market and promising government.Based on this analytical framework,this paper systematically studies the tech-economic logic and institutional mechanism logic of the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development in the new era from the aspects of history,reality and comparison of domestic and foreign experience.From the content of the chapter,the first chapter,which is the introduction,briefly describes the research background,research significance and related research at home and abroad;overviews the main content,research method,innovation and shortcomings of this paper;defines and analyzes in detail the two core concepts of "small farmers" and "modern agriculture".The main content of the second chapter is to explain the theoretical basis of this study and build an analytical framework of "tech-economic logic-institutional mechanism logic" on the basis of these theories.The third chapter is a historical review of the policy and development evolution of agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,which is to explain the historical origin and evolution of a series of practical problems in the organic connection between small farmers and modern agriculture in the new era,and provide a historical mirror for current practice.The fourth and fifth chapters respectively make a detailed study of the tech-economic logic and institutional mechanism logic of the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development in the new era.The sixth chapter is the comparative analysis and experience reference of typical regions and cases at home and abroad.In the part of domestic case analysis,this paper selects the Songjiang District of Shanghai and Liangping District of Chongqing as typical cases,roughly compares the different models of regions with different development levels in promoting the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development and focuses on revealing the basic constraints of economic development level on the choice of linking methods and the implementation effects of institutions and policies.In the part of foreign experience reference,the different situations of developed countries and developing countries are compared.The analysis of the developed countries focuses on the reference significance of the development trend and policies of their current modern agriculture on developing modern agriculture in China in the new era;the analysis of large developing countries such as India and Brazil puts emphasis on the enlightenment significance of the unbalanced industry-agriculture and urban-rural relationships to promoting the organic connection between modern agricultural development and small farmers in China.The seventh chapter is the research conclusion and the corresponding policy recommendations.Because the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter are the specific expansion of the analysis framework of ’three-dimensional tech-economic logic—two-tiered institutional mechanism logic’,they are core chapters of this paper and it is necessary to elaborate on their main content.The seventh chapter is the research conclusion and the corresponding policy recommendations.At the end of the paper,the main research conclusions are as follows: firstly,the organic integration between small farmers and modern agricultural development in the new era must build a sound agricultural socialized service system;secondly,the organic integration between small farmers and modern agricultural development in the new era is restricted by the level of regional economic development;finally,the organic integration between small farmers and modern agricultural development in the new era requires the organic combination of effective market and promising government.Some inferences can be logically derived from these three main research conclusions.Among them,the inference that a certain proportion of new agricultural management entities which are important supply subject of market-oriented agricultural productive services should be cultivated and others can be derived from the first main research conclusion;the inference--realizing the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development fundamentally depends on the further improvement of the level and quality of economic and social development and the differences in the way,path and level of achieving this goal in various places--and others can be derived from the second main research conclusion;the inference--continuing to adhere to the reform and development direction of agricultural and rural marketization,overcoming the inherent defects of market profit-seeking,spontaneity and polarization,and reforming government governance mechanism--and others can be derived from the third main research conclusion.According to the above research conclusions,this paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations which mainly focus on three aspects: first,to coordinate and promote the mutually beneficial symbiosis between new business entities and small farmers;second,promoting collaboratively new urbanization and rural revitalization through resource tilt and institutional reform;third,to promote effectively the transformation and upgrading of the development mode and further improvement of the governance mechanism.The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in three aspects: theoretical framework,research perspective,theory and policy views.From the perspective of analytical framework,first of all,this paper follows the research paradigm of Marxist political economy,and constructs a systematic analysis framework of’three-dimensional tech-economic logic-two-tiered institutional mechanism logic’,which is innovative.Among them,in the analysis of tech-economic logic,this paper follows the analysis paradigm of ’productivity-production relations’,and analyzes the tech-economic logic of modern agricultural development and organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development from three dimensions of industry,factor and organization.In the analysis of the logic of institutional mechanism,this paper follows Marx ’s "economic base-superstructure" paradigm,and constructs a "decisive-realization" "two-tiered institutional mechanism logic." The main connotation of the decisive institutional logic is that the system and policy direction of the Country,Agriculture,Countryside,Farmers are determined by the technical and economic logic of modern agricultural development,as well as the macro factors such as China ’s overall modernization transformation,development strategy and development stage.The main connotation of the realization institutional logic is that the innovation direction of the national "three rural" system mechanism,which is determined by the above decisive system logic and centered on the relationship between the government and the market,should be implemented through a series of specific systems and policies,such as rural land property rights system,agricultural subsidy system,agricultural socialization service system and rural financial system.Secondly,most of the domestic related research is based on the new institutional economics paradigm,and this paper attempts to jump out of this paradigm and adopt the Marxist political economy analysis paradigm.From the perspective of research,first of all,most of the domestic related research focuses on the application and countermeasures,which mainly focus on the specific implementation mechanism of the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development,such as building an agricultural social service system and cultivating new agricultural management entities.This study also discusses these specific connection mechanisms and implementation path,but more focus on the deep theoretical logic behind the study.Secondly,most of the existing research looks at agriculture,rural areas and farmers,while the research in this paper follows the macro and systematic research perspective,tries to jump out of the problems of agriculture,rural areas and farmers,and emphasizes the overall restriction and deep influence of the macro relations such as development stage,development mode and institutional background on the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development.Based on this macro and systematic research perspective,we know that the deep-seated difficulties in achieving organic connection may not lie in specific policy design,but in the overall constraints of economic development level and financial affordability to the realization of connection.From the views of theory and policy,first of all,based on the macro,systematic and dynamic research perspective,this paper puts forward the basic ways of organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development in the new era(such as the scale of service and the scale of land)and the corresponding supporting reforms,which are strictly dependent on the level of economic development and financial affordability.Therefore,when implementing these reform measures,each place must consider the local actual situation and formulate practical standards,rather than departing from the local reality and copying the developed regional model.Secondly,many studies believe that promoting the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development must transform the fragmented and part-time ’survival small farmers’ into professional’ developmental small farmers’.This paper argues that limited by the basic national conditions of ’big country and small farmers’ and development stage,it is difficult to become a feasible solution for most regions of our country at present and in the future.A more realistic choice is to cultivate some new agricultural management entities with moderate scale operation through land transfer and agricultural subsidies under the premise that local financial resources are affordable,embed them in more small farmers and provide agricultural productive services for the latter.At the same time,the highly differentiated smallholder groups should be classified and different measures should be implemented for different types: for those part-time smallholders who hope and need agriculture to provide survival guarantee,they should be supported through necessary subsidies and perfect agricultural productive services,and the technical level and economic,social and ecological benefits of agricultural production should be improved;for the professional small farmers who develop agricultural production and improve the economic benefits of agriculture,their production and operation capabilities and market competitiveness should be promoted through technical services,skills training,credit support,etc.,so as to promote them to better integrate into modern agriculture and become real ’developmental small farmers’;for the ’farmers of leaving the countryside’ who have already moved to the city,they should be guided to withdraw from rural contracted land,homestead and collective rights and interests in a sure and orderly manner on the basis of stable urbanization and in accordance with the principle of voluntary compensation,so as to promote the optimal allocation of farmland and moderate scale operation. |
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